imde.io - User contributions [en]

Material Grade - TX

2026-04-03T08:09:34Z

HansdG:

Material Grade is a standardized classification of a raw or semi-finished substance—such as a polymer, metal alloy, textile fabric, or paperboard—defined by a consistent set of technical specifications, chemical compositions, and performance characteristics.

Unlike a "Finished Good" (which has a specific shape and function) or a "Batch" (which represents a single production run), a Material Grade represents a "Type" of material that remains constant across multiple production cycles and diverse end-use applications. It is the primary level at which Technical Dossiers and Compliance Evidence (e.g., REACH, RoHS, PFAS-free, or FSC certifications) are established and maintained.

Key Structural Attributes:
* Technical DNA: Defines the intrinsic properties (e.g., tensile strength, melt flow index, or GSM) and chemical makeup (CAS/EC numbers) of the material.
* Compliance Anchor: Acts as the "Parent" record for laboratory test results. In a circular economy, the Material Grade is the level where recyclability and toxicity data are legally anchored.
* Data Inheritance: Facilitates a "One-to-Many" relationship in data management. A single Material Grade (e.g., Grade 304 Stainless Steel or Recycled HDPE Resin) may be used to manufacture thousands of different unique parts or components.

Traceability Interoperability: Provides the link between the Primary Material Producer (the source) and the Final Product Manufacturer (the assembler). It ensures that sustainability data—such as Carbon Footprint (PCF) or Recycled Content—can be accurately passed through the value chain without redundant data entry.

[[Category: Taxonomy]]

Material Grade - TX

2026-04-03T07:25:35Z

HansdG: Created page with "Material Grade is a standardized classification of a raw or semi-finished substance—such as a polymer, metal alloy, textile fabric, or paperboard—defined by a consistent set of technical specifications, chemical compositions, and performance characteristics. Unlike a "Finished Good" (which has a specific shape and function) or a "Batch" (which represents a single production run), a Material Grade represents a "Type" of material that remains constant across multiple..."

Supply Chain Unit - TX

2026-03-22T09:57:21Z

HansdG: /* Product Component Unit (PCU) */

'''Definition:'''
A Supply Chain Unit (SCU) is any unit that flows through supply chain operations (stored, moved, packed, shipped). SCUs include both persistent Stock Keeping Units ('''SKUs''') and Transaction Level Units ('''TLUs''').

== Stock Keeping Units (SKU) ==
A standardized, persistent unit with a catalog identity and an inventory position. Identified by '''GTIN'''. Types of SKUs:

== SKUS in the Portfolio Domain ==
* '''Definition''': SKUs that are part of the company's commercial portfolio, intended to be sold to external customers. These are the finished goods.
* Key Characteristic: These SKUs have a Trade Life Cycle (TLC) and are what your [[Customer_-_TX|customers]] order.

==== Individual Sales Unit (ISU) ====
The smallest unit sold to end users or [[Consumer_-_TX|consumers]], consisting of the [[Product_-_TX|product]] (consumable, disposable, or durable) with its '''additional''' Sales Packaging [[Packaging_Roles_-_TX|(SP)]].

'''Examples:'''
* Coca-Cola Original Taste – 330ml Can | GTIN 901234123457
* Fairy Platinum Plus Deep Clean – 90 Capsules | GTIN 7612345678903
* Sensodyne Repair & Protect – 75ml Toothpaste | GTIN 5012345678900
* Samsung Galaxy S24 – Smartphone with USB-C Cable | GTIN 4006381333931

==== Grouped Sales Unit (GSU) ====
A commercial multi-pack grouping multiple ISUs together with '''additional''' Grouped Packaging [[Packaging_Roles_-_TX|(GP)]].

'''Examples:'''
* Coca-Cola Original Taste – 6 × 330ml Cans (multipack) | 8712345678904
* Fairy Platinum Plus Deep Clean – Year Pack 4 × 90 Capsules (carton box) | 0301234567891
* Philips Hue Smart Lighting Starter Kit – 3 Bulbs + Hub (retail carton bundle) | 8881234567896

==== Transport Stock Unit (TSU) ====
A stock-keeping unit designed for transport and logistics, containing multiple ISUs and/or GSUs with '''additional''' Transport Packaging [[Packaging_Roles_-_TX||(TP)]].

'''Examples:'''
* Sensodyne Repair & Protect Toothpaste outer carton 12 × 75ml | GTIN 6931234567897
* Pattex All Purpose Crack Filler Euro Pallet – 48 × 12 × 290g | GTIN 4791234567898
* San Benedetto 1.5L Pallet with layer pads – 6 × 20 × 5 | GTIN 3801234567890

==SKUS in the Production & Packaging Domain==
* Definition: SKUs that are consumed or used internally within the production and packaging process. These are the building blocks.
* Key Characteristic: These SKUs are typically not sold externally in their current form

==== Product Component Unit (PCU) ====
An inventoried stock-keeping unit (SKU), typically sourced from a packaging supplier, that is a constituent part of the final packaging of any Sales or Transport Unit. It represents a physical, stock-kept item used in the packaging process.

'''Examples:'''

* Vitamin Premix Blend A-45 for pet food | Internal SKU: 89345-A45
* Proprietary Flour Blend for baked goods | Internal SKU: PFB-WHEAT-002
* Industrial Adhesive for assembly | Internal SKU: 2352345
* M5x10mm Assembly Screw for a durable good | Internal SKU: P43534-B

==== Packaging Assembly Unit (PAU) ====
An inventoried stock-keeping unit (SKU) that is a constituent part of the final [[Packaging Roles - TX|Packaging]]. This represents a physical, stock-kept item used in the packaging process.

'''Examples:'''
* 500ml PET Bottle - Transparent colorless | Internal SKU: 5466245
* Roll of 10,000 pre-printed labels for Sensodyne | Internal SKU: LBL-SENSO-EU-10K
* Batch of 5,000 28mm branded screw caps | Internal SKU: CAP-28-RED-5K
* Flat-packed corrugated cardboard blanks for outer cartons | Internal SKU: 346346

== SKU Sourcing Type ==

=== Definition ===
A classification field that identifies how each Stock Keeping Unit (SKU) enters the company’s product portfolio—whether it is manufactured internally, only packaged, or fully purchased as a finished good. This field supports portfolio management, supply-chain reporting, and packaging/material compliance.

=== Purpose ===
To distinguish SKUs by the company’s sourcing involvement, independent of supplier, production site, or geographic origin.

=== Allowed Values / Codes ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Code !! Label !! Description
|-
| MFG || Manufactured || SKU is produced and packaged by the company.
|-
| PKG || Packaged || SKU’s product content is sourced externally, but the company performs the packaging activity.
|-
| BIN || Bought-In || SKU is purchased as a finished good and resold with no manufacturing or packaging.
|}

=== Applicability ===
Applies to all persistent SKUs within the Supply Chain Unit (SCU) framework, including Individual Sales Units (ISU), Grouped Sales Units (GSU), and Transport Stock Units (TSU).

==== The Data Supply Chain Context ====
A SKU's role is not absolute; it is contextual and depends on an organization's position in the value chain. What is a '''Portfolio SKU''' for a supplier becomes a '''Production & Packaging Domain SKU''' for their customer.

This is the principle of the "digital unpacking" process:

'''Example:'''

A bottle manufacturer's finished [[Product - TX|Product]] is the empty PET bottle itself. Their sellable [[Transport Stock Unit - TX|TSU]] is a pallet containing thousands of these bottles, identified with a GTIN. They sell this TSU to a beverage company.
The beverage company receives this pallet. In their system, the received TSU is "digitally unpacked." The empty bottle is now re-classified as a '''PEU'''—a foundational component for their production process, managed with an internal SKU.
Therefore, '''PCUs''' and '''PEUs''' represent the foundational, inventoried building blocks within an organization's internal Data Supply Chain. These are the components used to create the Portfolio SKUs ([[Individual Sales Unit - TX|ISU]], [[Grouped Sales Unit - TX|GSU]], and [[Transport Stock Unit - TX|TSU]]) that are then sold downstream to their customers.

----

=== Transaction Level Unit (TLU) ===
TLU represents the packaging that is added at the moment of shipping an individual customer order. Unlike SKUs, which are produced to stock

====Order Delivery Units (ODU) ====
'''Definition:'''
A Order Delivery Unit is a shipment-specific SCU composed of one or more ISUs, GSUs, or TSUs, optionally with '''additional''' [[Packaging_Roles_-_TX|Delivery Packaging (DP)]]. Order Delivery Units are not predefined SKUs but are formed during fulfillment or distribution. Identified by '''SSCC''' in GS1 standards.

'''Examples:'''
* '''E-commerce:''' An online order containing 1 smartphone (ISU) and 1 phone case (ISU), packed in a shipping carton with '''additional''' Delivery Packaging.
* '''Cross-docking:''' A mixed pallet assembled in back-of-store operations, combining cases of beverages (TSU) and snack multipacks (GSU) for onward delivery to a retail outlet.

==Sales Unit Portfolio Type==
Indicates how a sales unit fits within the company’s product portfolio, based on the company’s involvement in creating or packaging the item.

Allowed values:

Manufactured – you produce and pack the item.

Packaged – you only package the product; content is sourced externally.

Bought-In – fully purchased finished goods for resale.

Optional short codes if needed: MFG, PKG, BIN.

----

== GS1 Mapping ==
* '''ISU / GSU / TSU (SKUs):''' Identified with '''GTIN'''
* '''DU (Delivery Unit):''' Identified with '''SSCC'''
* '''Locations:''' Identified with '''GLN'''
* '''Assets/Consignments:''' Identified with '''GRAI/GINC''' (when relevant)

[[Category:Taxonomy]]

Limit of Quantification LOQ - TX

2026-03-16T06:52:02Z

HansdG: Created page with "===Limit of Quantification=== '''LOQ''' means '''Limit of Quantification'''. It is the '''lowest concentration of a substance that can be measured with acceptable accuracy and precision by the analytical method'''. == Simple explanation == * '''Below LOD''' → the lab cannot reliably detect the substance * '''Between LOD and LOQ''' → the substance may be detected but cannot be measured accurately * '''Above LOQ''' → the substance can be '''quantified and reported..."

===Limit of Quantification===
'''LOQ''' means '''Limit of Quantification'''.

It is the '''lowest concentration of a substance that can be measured with acceptable accuracy and precision by the analytical method'''.

== Simple explanation ==

* '''Below LOD''' → the lab cannot reliably detect the substance
* '''Between LOD and LOQ''' → the substance may be detected but cannot be measured accurately
* '''Above LOQ''' → the substance can be '''quantified and reported with confidence'''

== Example from a PFAS lab report ==

{| class="wikitable"
! PFAS compound
! Result
! LOQ
! Interpretation
|-
| PFOA
| < LOQ
| 5 µg/kg
| If present, it is below 5 µg/kg and cannot be quantified reliably
|-
| PFHxA
| 8 µg/kg
| 5 µg/kg
| Measured concentration is reliable
|}

When a lab writes '''< LOQ''', it means:

<blockquote>
The substance was '''not quantifiable above the method’s limit''', but small traces might still exist below that level.
</blockquote>

== Relation with LOD ==

{| class="wikitable"
! Term
! Meaning
|-
| '''LOD'''
| Limit of Detection – smallest amount that can be detected
|-
| '''LOQ'''
| Limit of Quantification – smallest amount that can be reliably measured
|}

Typical relation:

<pre>
LOD < LOQ
</pre>

Example:

* LOD = 2 µg/kg
* LOQ = 5 µg/kg

== Why this matters for packaging compliance ==

In packaging lab reports such as PFAS, heavy metals, and migrants:

* '''Regulations compare limits against quantified values'''
* Results reported as '''< LOQ''' are usually treated as '''not measurable at regulatory level'''

This is why '''LOQ must always be shown in the lab report'''.

It can also be useful to represent LOQ in a structured compliance dataset for PPWR technical files, instead of storing only PDFs.

Unit of Measure (UoM) - TX

2026-02-14T10:32:03Z

HansdG:

'''Unit of Measure (UoM)'' refers to the unit in which an environmental indicator or quantitative measure is expressed. It defines the scale and type of the result value, such as kilograms of CO₂-equivalent or megajoules of energy.

'''Unit of Measures''' are essential for ensuring comparability, validity, and consistency across all data domains, Commerce & Operations, Health, Safety Sustainability data exchange using the IMDE model.

== Purpose ==

The Unit of Measure indicates the unit of measurement for the value being reported, independently of what it is reported *per* (e.g., per kilogram or per piece). It answers the question: “What is the quantity expressed in?”. The per unit is the '''Unit of Declaration''' (UoD). Examples price UoM is $, and the the UoD can be per kg, per piece or per Supply Chain Unit ([[https://imde.io/index.php?title=Supply_Chain_Unit_-_TX|SCU]])

== Examples ==

Common UoMs used for environmental impact indicators are shown below, along with standardized or recommended keys:

{| class="wikitable"
! UoM !! Key !! Description !! Indicator Example
|-
| kg CO₂eq || kgCO2eq || Kilogram of carbon dioxide equivalent || Climate Change / Carbon Footprint
|-
| m³ || m3 || Cubic meter of freshwater || Water Use
|-
| MJ || MJ || Megajoule (energy unit) || Primary Energy Demand
|-
| kg Sb eq || kgSbeq || Kilogram of antimony equivalent || Resource Depletion (Abiotic Resources)
|-
| kg PM2.5 eq || kgPM25eq || Kilogram of fine particulate matter equivalent || Air Pollution (Particulate Matter)
|-
| kg SO₂ eq || kgSO2eq || Kilogram of sulfur dioxide equivalent || Acidification
|-
| mol H⁺ eq || molHplusEq || Moles of hydrogen ion equivalent || Acidification Potential
|-
| kg N eq || kgNeq || Kilogram of nitrogen equivalent || Eutrophication (Terrestrial)
|-
| kg P eq || kgPeq || Kilogram of phosphorus equivalent || Eutrophication (Freshwater)
|-
| CTUe || CTUe || Comparative Toxic Unit for ecosystems || Ecotoxicity
|-
| CTUh || CTUh || Comparative Toxic Unit for humans || Human Toxicity
|}

'''Note:''' Keys follow commonly used abbreviations in ILCD/PEF datasets and ISO unit symbols where applicable. Compound units such as “kg CO₂eq” or “kg Sb eq” reflect impact-specific normalization factors used in LCA characterization models.

== Characteristics ==

* May be expressed as standard '''SI units''' (e.g., kg, m³, MJ)
* May be expressed as '''derived or compound units''' (e.g., kg CO₂eq, MJ primary energy, kg Sb eq)
* Units should be consistent with international LCA standards (e.g., ILCD, PEF, EN 15804)

== Use in IMDE ==

The UoM is part of the environmental impact declaration structure in IMDE and is applied per Indicator:

* Example:
* EnvironmentalImpactIndicator: CFP {Climate Foot Print)
* Value: 0.98
* '''UoM''': kgCO₂eq
* Reference Unit: kg (see [[Reference Unit - TX|Reference Unit]])

This separation ensures reusability of indicators across products, geographies, and life cycle stages while preserving semantic clarity.

== See Also ==

* [[Reference_Unit_-_TX|Reference Unit]]
* [[LCA Environmental Impact Indicators]]
* [[Functional Unit - TX]]
* [[IMDE Data Model]]

[[Category:Taxonomy]]

[[Category:Taxonomy]]

Unit of Measure (UoM) - TX

2026-02-14T10:29:11Z

HansdG:

'''Unit of Measure (UoM)'' refers to the unit in which an environmental indicator or quantitative measure is expressed. It defines the scale and type of the result value, such as kilograms of CO₂-equivalent or megajoules of energy.

Unit of Measure are essential for ensuring comparability, validity, and consistency across Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) declarations and sustainability data exchange using the IMDE model.

== Purpose ==

The Unit of Measure indicates the unit of measurement for the value being reported, independently of what it is reported *per* (e.g., per kilogram or per functional unit). It answers the question: “What is the quantity expressed in?”. The per unit is the Unit of Declaration (UoD). Examples price UoM is $, and the the UoD can be per kg, per piece or per supply chain unit ([[https://imde.io/index.php?title=Supply_Chain_Unit_-_TX|SCU]])

== Examples ==

Common Value Units used for environmental impact indicators are shown below, along with standardized or recommended keys:

{| class="wikitable"
! Value Unit !! Key !! Description !! Indicator Example
|-
| kg CO₂eq || kgCO2eq || Kilogram of carbon dioxide equivalent || Climate Change / Carbon Footprint
|-
| m³ || m3 || Cubic meter of freshwater || Water Use
|-
| MJ || MJ || Megajoule (energy unit) || Primary Energy Demand
|-
| kg Sb eq || kgSbeq || Kilogram of antimony equivalent || Resource Depletion (Abiotic Resources)
|-
| kg PM2.5 eq || kgPM25eq || Kilogram of fine particulate matter equivalent || Air Pollution (Particulate Matter)
|-
| kg SO₂ eq || kgSO2eq || Kilogram of sulfur dioxide equivalent || Acidification
|-
| mol H⁺ eq || molHplusEq || Moles of hydrogen ion equivalent || Acidification Potential
|-
| kg N eq || kgNeq || Kilogram of nitrogen equivalent || Eutrophication (Terrestrial)
|-
| kg P eq || kgPeq || Kilogram of phosphorus equivalent || Eutrophication (Freshwater)
|-
| CTUe || CTUe || Comparative Toxic Unit for ecosystems || Ecotoxicity
|-
| CTUh || CTUh || Comparative Toxic Unit for humans || Human Toxicity
|}

'''Note:''' Keys follow commonly used abbreviations in ILCD/PEF datasets and ISO unit symbols where applicable. Compound units such as “kg CO₂eq” or “kg Sb eq” reflect impact-specific normalization factors used in LCA characterization models.

== Characteristics ==

* May be expressed as standard '''SI units''' (e.g., kg, m³, MJ)
* May be expressed as '''derived or compound units''' (e.g., kg CO₂eq, MJ primary energy, kg Sb eq)
* Units should be consistent with international LCA standards (e.g., ILCD, PEF, EN 15804)

== Use in IMDE ==

The Value Unit is part of the environmental impact declaration structure in IMDE and is applied per Indicator:

* Example:
* EnvironmentalImpactIndicator: CFP {Climate Foot Print)
* Value: 0.98
* '''Value Unit''': kgCO₂eq
* Reference Unit: kg (see [[Reference Unit - TX|Reference Unit]])

This separation ensures reusability of indicators across products, geographies, and life cycle stages while preserving semantic clarity.

== See Also ==

* [[Reference_Unit_-_TX|Reference Unit]]
* [[LCA Environmental Impact Indicators]]
* [[Functional Unit - TX]]
* [[IMDE Data Model]]

[[Category:Taxonomy]]

[[Category:Taxonomy]]

Unit of Measure (UoM) - TX

2026-02-14T10:26:28Z

HansdG: HansdG moved page Value unit - TX to Unit of Measure (UoM) - TX without leaving a redirect

'''Value Unit''' refers to the unit in which an environmental indicator or quantitative measure is expressed. It defines the scale and type of the result value, such as kilograms of CO₂-equivalent or megajoules of energy.

Value Units are essential for ensuring comparability, validity, and consistency across Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) declarations and sustainability data exchange using the IMDE model.

== Purpose ==

The Value Unit indicates the unit of measurement for the value being reported, independently of what it is reported *per* (e.g., per kilogram or per functional unit). It answers the question: “What is the quantity expressed in?”

== Examples ==

Common Value Units used for environmental impact indicators are shown below, along with standardized or recommended keys:

{| class="wikitable"
! Value Unit !! Key !! Description !! Indicator Example
|-
| kg CO₂eq || kgCO2eq || Kilogram of carbon dioxide equivalent || Climate Change / Carbon Footprint
|-
| m³ || m3 || Cubic meter of freshwater || Water Use
|-
| MJ || MJ || Megajoule (energy unit) || Primary Energy Demand
|-
| kg Sb eq || kgSbeq || Kilogram of antimony equivalent || Resource Depletion (Abiotic Resources)
|-
| kg PM2.5 eq || kgPM25eq || Kilogram of fine particulate matter equivalent || Air Pollution (Particulate Matter)
|-
| kg SO₂ eq || kgSO2eq || Kilogram of sulfur dioxide equivalent || Acidification
|-
| mol H⁺ eq || molHplusEq || Moles of hydrogen ion equivalent || Acidification Potential
|-
| kg N eq || kgNeq || Kilogram of nitrogen equivalent || Eutrophication (Terrestrial)
|-
| kg P eq || kgPeq || Kilogram of phosphorus equivalent || Eutrophication (Freshwater)
|-
| CTUe || CTUe || Comparative Toxic Unit for ecosystems || Ecotoxicity
|-
| CTUh || CTUh || Comparative Toxic Unit for humans || Human Toxicity
|}

'''Note:''' Keys follow commonly used abbreviations in ILCD/PEF datasets and ISO unit symbols where applicable. Compound units such as “kg CO₂eq” or “kg Sb eq” reflect impact-specific normalization factors used in LCA characterization models.

== Characteristics ==

* May be expressed as standard '''SI units''' (e.g., kg, m³, MJ)
* May be expressed as '''derived or compound units''' (e.g., kg CO₂eq, MJ primary energy, kg Sb eq)
* Units should be consistent with international LCA standards (e.g., ILCD, PEF, EN 15804)

== Use in IMDE ==

The Value Unit is part of the environmental impact declaration structure in IMDE and is applied per Indicator:

* Example:
* EnvironmentalImpactIndicator: CFP {Climate Foot Print)
* Value: 0.98
* '''Value Unit''': kgCO₂eq
* Reference Unit: kg (see [[Reference Unit - TX|Reference Unit]])

This separation ensures reusability of indicators across products, geographies, and life cycle stages while preserving semantic clarity.

== See Also ==

* [[Reference_Unit_-_TX|Reference Unit]]
* [[LCA Environmental Impact Indicators]]
* [[Functional Unit - TX]]
* [[IMDE Data Model]]

[[Category:Taxonomy]]

[[Category:Taxonomy]]

Price Types - TX

2026-02-13T12:15:54Z

HansdG: Created page with "== Standardized Price Types for Packaged Goods & Supply Chain == This document defines the allowed values for the {{code|Type}} attribute within the Pricing XML schema. Using these standardized codes ensures compatibility across suppliers, datapools, and internal ERP systems without requiring schema changes. === 1. Market & Baseline Prices (Public/Broad) === ; LIST : The "Sticker Price" or Gross Price. It is the baseline before any specific customer agreements. This is..."

== Standardized Price Types for Packaged Goods & Supply Chain ==

This document defines the allowed values for the {{code|Type}} attribute within the Pricing XML schema. Using these standardized codes ensures compatibility across suppliers, datapools, and internal ERP systems without requiring schema changes.

=== 1. Market & Baseline Prices (Public/Broad) ===
; LIST
: The "Sticker Price" or Gross Price. It is the baseline before any specific customer agreements. This is typically the value sent to generic datapools (e.g., GDSN).
; MSRP
: (Manufacturer’s Suggested Retail Price). The price the manufacturer recommends the final consumer pays. Primarily used in B2C or retail-facing data.
; MAP
: (Minimum Advertised Price). A legal/contractual floor price below which a retailer is not permitted to advertise the product.

=== 2. Transactional & B2B Prices (1:1 Relationships) ===
; NET
: The actual price a specific buyer pays after standard "on-invoice" discounts are applied.
; NET_NET
: The final price after all deductions, including "off-invoice" rebates, year-end bonuses, or marketing allowances.
; CONTRACT
: A price locked in via a specific legal agreement for a set duration. Common for packaging components (e.g., corrugated boxes or resin-based materials).
; PROMO
: A temporary price for a specific marketing window, seasonal event, or circular.

=== 3. Production & Material Specifics ===
; TRANSFER
: The internal price used when moving goods between entities of the same parent company (e.g., from a packaging plant to an assembly plant).
; COST_PLUS
: A price calculated by taking the production cost and adding a fixed margin percentage.
; LANDED
: The total price including logistics, insurance, and customs duties. Critical for international component sourcing.

=== 4. Surcharges (Modern Essentials) ===
; SURCHARGE_CARBON
: A specific price adder for CO2 taxes, plastic taxes, or sustainability offsets.
; SURCHARGE_FUEL
: Floating price additions based on fluctuating logistics and freight costs.
; SURCHARGE_RAW
: Used when raw material prices (e.g., aluminum, pulp, resin) are volatile and billed as a separate, adjustable line item.

---

=== Quick Reference Summary ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Type Code !! Category !! Primary Use Case !! Typical Tax Status
|-
| LIST || Market || General Datapools || Excluding VAT
|-
| MSRP || Market || Retail/Consumer || Including VAT
|-
| NET || Transactional || Customer Invoicing || Excluding VAT
|-
| CONTRACT || Transactional || Raw Material Supply || Excluding VAT
|-
| LANDED || Production || Global Sourcing || Excluding VAT
|}

[[Category:Taxonomy]]

DataContainer - Item

2026-01-08T07:10:03Z

HansdG:

The IMDE is a modular DataSchema based on DataTopics. DataTopics are defined to exchange a set of related data. DataTopics examples are: allergens, circularity, pricing. Per DataTopic multiple DataSchemas are support and DataTopics can overlap with other DataTopics.

Example: Fish Catch method & area can be a separate DataTopic or this data can be part of a List of Ingredients DataTopic (set per Ingredient).

===List of the current IMDE Data Topics===
This is the list of the DataTopics that currently have been identified for items (raw materials, production & packaging materials, sales units /finished goods, transport stock units/handling units). DataTopics can be specific for one entity or can be applicable for multiple entities.

===General DataTopics===

{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! DataTopic Code !! DataTopic !! Entities where applicable
|-
| '''[[ItemMessageHeader|ItemMessageHeader]]'''|| Key message information and list of all parties || Item
|-
| '''[[DataTopic_ItemKeyInfo|ItemKeyInfo]]'''|| Identifiers, name, classification || Item
|-
| '''[[DataTopic_Measurements|Measurements]]''' || Depth, width, height, gross weight, .. || Item
|-
| '''[[DataTopic_Trade|Trade]]''' || Order & Shipment parameters || Item
|-
| '''[[DataTopic_LifeCycleData|LifeCycleData]]'''|| Product life cycle, information life cycle dates || Item
|-
| '''[[DataTopic Packaging|Packaging]]'''|| Components, Material composition, recycling instructions || Item
|-
| '''[[DataTopic_Certificates|Certificates]]''' || What certificates has an item || Item, party, brand and location
|-
| '''[[DataTopic_Product_Attributes|Attributes]]''' || To exchange attributes (e.g technical specs) that not part of the specific DataTopics || Item
|-
| '''[[DataTopic Instructions|Instructions]]''' || Instructions for transport, handling, preparation, serving, storing, etc || Item
|-
| '''[[DataTopic Digital Assets|Digital Assets]]''' || Media / files like images, documents, artwork files, animations, video to be used for in for example engineering, packaging development, marketing, sales and customer service. || Item, Brand, Location, Party
|-
| '''[[DataTopic_LCA|LCA Indicators]]''' || LCA Indicators like for example GHG emissions values and blue water footprint. || Item
|-
| '''[[DataTopic_Locations|Locations]]''' || Data on relation between the item and a location || Item
|}

===Food - Recipe related DataTopics - ===

{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! DataTopic Code !! DataTopic !! Entities where applicable

|-
| '''[[DataTopic FoodAllergens|FoodAllergens]]''' || Contains, free from, might contain + OnLabel Y/N} || Item:Food & Beverages
|-
| '''[[DataTopic FoodNutrients|FoodNutrients]]''' || Full version and onlabel version, with statements. Support for mixed products || Item:Food & Beverages
|-
| '''[[DataTopic IngredientStatement|IngredientStatement]]'''|| IngredientStatement || Item:Food & Beverages
|-
| '''[[DataTopic ListOfIngredients|ListOfIngredients]]'''|| Full list of all ingredients with quantities || Item:Food & Beverages
|-
| '''FoodClaims''' || Health Claims, Nutritional Content Claims and declarations || Item:Food & Beverages
|-
|}

===Feed - recipe related DataTopics - ===
{needs to be defined, applies to all animal feed related data, for pets and livestock}

===Formula - composition related DataTopics - ===
{needs to be defined, applies to formula based data topics, covering hazardous materials, personal care and cleaning/homecare formulas}

===Textile - data related to product and packing parts based on fabrics===
{needs to be defined, applies to all industries that used fabrics in their products like Fashion, Automotive and Furniture}

Related legilation: Regulation (EU) No 1007/2011 on textile fibre names and related labelling and marking of the fibre composition of textile products

===Other categories ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! DataTopic Code !! DataTopic !! Entities where applicable
|-
| '''GTS''' || '''[https://www.globaltextilescheme.org/ GTS Product Features]''', a code-based product feature information model || Item:Fashion
|-
| '''ETIM''' || '''[https://www.etim-international.com/ ETIM Product Features]''', a code-based product feature information model || Item: Building & Installation
|-
|}

===Next DataTopics to be classsified===
*Claims (Health Claims, Nutritional Claims, Safefty warnings, Health Warnings, Sustainabilty Claims)
*Instructions {Transport, Storage, Usage, Preparation, Serving, Consumption}
*Trading Information (IsOrderUnit, IsInvoiceUnit, MinOrderQuantity, et cetera), can differ between two parties in the value network

== Unit Domains and conversions ==
=== List of Unit Domains ===
* [[Unit Domain Mass|Mass]]
* [[Unit Domain Volume|Volume]]
* [[Unit Domain Length|Length]]
* Temperature

[[Category:DataTopic]]

Main Page

2026-01-04T14:00:27Z

HansdG:

==What is IMDE?==
Interoperable Modular Data Exchange (IMDE) is a framework that will enable machine-2-machine exchange of data across the entire value network. Minimizing the cost for collecting, using and distributing data. IMDE can overcome a number of the challenges faced by organizations, [[Solution_Providers|solution providers]] and data processors like [[DataPools_and_Data_Networks|datapools]] in terms of improving simplification of data exchange while at the same time improving data quality (consistency, relevance, completeness, accuracy and timeliness). The biggest benefits are in exchanging data with both upstream and downstream business partners. The beneficiaries are machines!, so not humans. The whole framework is designed for fully autonomous communication between machines.

==Why Interoperable and Modular?==
Many of the initiatives in the past focussed on creating standards for specific use cases, or in specific industries. These standards often covered all six layers of data exchange:

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%;"
|+ IMDE - 6 Layer Framework for Interoperable Modular Data Exchange

|-
! style="color:white; background-color:#273247; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;" | L1
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#39b8bb; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | TX
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#97dbdd; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; width: 200px; text-align:left; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | Taxonomy
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#f3f3f3; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:normal; text-align:left; vertical-align:top;" | Establishes a unified communication language to ensure consistent terminology and understanding across different systems and platforms.
| style="color:white; background-color:white; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;" | [[ :Category:Taxonomy| Link]]
|-
! style="color:white; background-color:#273247; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;" | L2
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#39b8bb; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | IM
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#97dbdd; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; width: 200px; text-align:left; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | Information Model
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#f3f3f3; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:normal; text-align:left; vertical-align:top;" |Information model is a technology neutral, structured representation of the real world in a given domain, defining the key concepts, their properties, relationships, and rules in a consistent way.
| style="color:white; background-color:white; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;"| [[ :Category:Information_Model| Link]]
|-
! style="color:white; background-color:#273247; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;" |L3
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#39b8bb; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | ID
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#97dbdd; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; width: 200px; text-align:left; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | Identifiers
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#f3f3f3; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:normal; text-align:left; vertical-align:top;" | Supports various standards for uniquely identifying entities such as locations, products, brands and organizations.
| style="color:white; background-color:white; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;" | [[ID_-_Identifier_Types|Link]]
|-
! style="color:white; background-color:#273247; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;" | L4
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#39b8bb; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | CL
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#97dbdd; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; width: 200px; text-align:left; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | Code Lists
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#f3f3f3; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:normal; text-align:left; vertical-align:top;" | Standardizes sets of codes used to represent specific data elements, ensuring consistency and interoperability across different datasets and platforms. Example: Unit of Measure
| style="color:white; background-color:white; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;" | [[ :Category:Code_List| Link]]
|-
! style="color:white; background-color:#273247; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;" |L5
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#39b8bb; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | DS
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#97dbdd; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; width: 200px; text-align:left; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | Data Schema
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#f3f3f3; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:normal; text-align:left; vertical-align:top;" | Accommodates multiple data formatting standards in formats like JSON, XML, or spreadsheet templates, with clear declarations for each data container to facilitate seamless data exchange.
| style="color:white; background-color:white; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;" | [[Layer_-_Data_Schema|Link]]
|-
! style="color:white; background-color:#273247; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;" | L6
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#39b8bb; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | DT
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#97dbdd; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; width: 200px; text-align:left; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | Data Transport
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#f3f3f3; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:normal; text-align:left; vertical-align:top;" | Defines the protocols and methods for securely and efficiently transferring data between systems, ensuring compatibility and effective communication across diverse platforms.
| style="color:white; background-color:white; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;" |[[Layer_-_Data Exchange|Link]]
|}

The challenge in this approach is that the world is big, so there are many standards, for different territories, industries and use cases. Which has resulted in the fact that data exchange is still a technical and organizational nightmare. Example: A Food manufacturer sourcing raw materials and components from multiple suppliers and selling both A-Brand and Private Label products can be dealing with dozens of different ways to exchange origin and allergen data. While the type of data is 100% the same in all situations: Allergens information has the same data points for raw materials, production materials, semifinished goods and finished goods, and allergen data is not different for A-Brands or Private label brands. But still, from a technical standpoint, organizations need to deal with many ways to export or import allergen related data.

The solution is to move away from all-in-one standards, where all standards had the strategy to become THE standard. And where every standard covers all 6 layers: the dictionary, the information model, the message structure, the exchange technology, the [[ID_-_Identifier_Types|identifiers]] and the code lists. This new approach is based on the idea of allowing modular standards with independent solutions for all 6 layers. Also supporting/allowing multiple standard per layer. For example:
* Support data exchange using either an Excel file or an XML message.
* Transport technology: Indirect via and or more data pools or direct via a RestAPI.

The key principle is to model for multiple interoperable modular standards in any part of the framework. In this way, industries, organizations and solutions providers can choose the standard per part of the data exchange that suits best.

Main Page

2026-01-04T13:59:58Z

HansdG: /* Why Interoperable and Modular? */

==What is IMDE?==
Interoperable Modular Data Exchange (IMDE) is a framework that will enable machine-2-machine exchange of data across the entire value network. Minimizing the cost for collecting, using and distributing data. IMDE can overcome a number of the challenges faced by organizations, [[Solution_Providers|solution providers]] and data processors like [[DataPools_and_Data_Networks|datapools]] in terms of improving simplification of data exchange while at the same time improving data quality (consistency, relevance, completeness, accuracy and timeliness). The biggest benefits are in exchanging data with both upstream and downstream business partners. The beneficiaries are machines!, so not humans. The whole framework is designed for fully autonomous communication between machines.

==Why Interoperable and Modular?==
Many of the initiatives in the past focussed on creating standards for specific use cases, or in specific industries. These standards often covered all six layers of data exchange:

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%;"
|+ IMDE - 6 Layer Framework for Interoperable Modular Data Exchange

|-
! style="color:white; background-color:#273247; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;" | L1
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#39b8bb; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | TX
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#97dbdd; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; width: 200px; text-align:left; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | Taxonomy
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#f3f3f3; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:normal; text-align:left; vertical-align:top;" | Establishes a unified communication language to ensure consistent terminology and understanding across different systems and platforms.
| style="color:white; background-color:white; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;" | [[ :Category:Taxonomy| Link]]
|-
! style="color:white; background-color:#273247; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;" | L2
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#39b8bb; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | IM
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#97dbdd; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; width: 200px; text-align:left; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | Information Model
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#f3f3f3; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:normal; text-align:left; vertical-align:top;" |Information model is a technology neutral, structured representation of the real world in a given domain, defining the key concepts, their properties, relationships, and rules in a consistent way.
| style="color:white; background-color:white; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;"| [[ :Category:Information_Model| Link]]
|-
! style="color:white; background-color:#273247; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;" |L3
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#39b8bb; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | ID
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#97dbdd; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; width: 200px; text-align:left; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | Identifiers
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#f3f3f3; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:normal; text-align:left; vertical-align:top;" | Supports various standards for uniquely identifying entities such as locations, products, brands and organizations.
| style="color:white; background-color:white; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;" | [[ID_-_Identifier_Types|Link]]
|-
! style="color:white; background-color:#273247; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;" | L4
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#39b8bb; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | CL
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#97dbdd; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; width: 200px; text-align:left; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | Code Lists
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#f3f3f3; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:normal; text-align:left; vertical-align:top;" | Standardizes sets of codes used to represent specific data elements, ensuring consistency and interoperability across different datasets and platforms. Example: Unit of Measure
| style="color:white; background-color:white; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;" | [[ :Category:Code_List| Link]]
|-
! style="color:white; background-color:#273247; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;" |L5
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#39b8bb; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | DS
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#97dbdd; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; width: 200px; text-align:left; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | Data Schema
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#f3f3f3; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:normal; text-align:left; vertical-align:top;" | Accommodates multiple data formatting standards in formats like JSON, XML, or spreadsheet templates, with clear declarations for each data container to facilitate seamless data exchange.
| style="color:white; background-color:white; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;" | [[Layer_-_Data_Schema|Link]]
|-
! style="color:white; background-color:#273247; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;" | L6
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#39b8bb; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | DT
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#97dbdd; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; width: 200px; text-align:left; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | Data Transport
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#f3f3f3; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:normal; text-align:left; vertical-align:top;" | Defines the protocols and methods for securely and efficiently transferring data between systems, ensuring compatibility and effective communication across diverse platforms.
| style="color:white; background-color:white; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;" |[[Layer_-_Data Exchange|Link]]
|}

The challenge in this approach is that the world is big, so there are many standards, for different territories, industries and use cases. Which has resulted in the fact that data exchange is still a technical and organizational nightmare. Example: A Food manufacturer sourcing raw materials and components from multiple suppliers and selling both A-Brand and Private Label products can be dealing with dozens of different ways to exchange origin and allergen data. While the type of data is 100% the same in all situations: Allergens information has the same data points for raw materials, production materials, semifinished goods and finished goods, and allergen data is not different for A-Brands or Private label brands. But still, from a technical standpoint, organizations need to deal with many ways to export or import allergen related data.

The solution is to move away from all-in-one standards, where all standards had the strategy to become THE standard. And where every standard covers all 6 layers: the dictionary, the information model, the message structure, the exchange technology, the [[ID_-_Identifier_Types|identifiers]] and the code lists. This new approach is based on the idea of allowing modular standards with independent solutions for all 6 layers. Also supporting/allowing multiple standard per layer. For example:
* Support data exchange using either an Excel file or an XML message.
* Exchange technology: Indirect via and or more data pools or direct via a RestAPI.

The key principle is to model for multiple interoperable modular standards in any part of the framework. In this way, industries, organizations and solutions providers can choose the standard per part of the data exchange that suits best.

Layer - Data Format

2026-01-04T13:59:35Z

HansdG: HansdG moved page Layer - Data Format to Layer - Data Schema: Renamed layer

#REDIRECT [[Layer - Data Schema]]

Layer - Data Schema

2026-01-04T13:59:35Z

HansdG: HansdG moved page Layer - Data Format to Layer - Data Schema: Renamed layer

== IMDE Data Schemas==
IMDE goal is to support multiple versioned DataSchemas (backwards and forwards compatible) for all data points relevant to manufacture, distribute, commercialize and re-cycle discrete products (e.g. food, beverages, fashion, electronics, power tools, adhesives, pet food, personal care, home care, et cetera).

The IMDE DataSchema layer is implementation agnostic so that the defined DataSchemas can be implemented in DataPools, Data Networks or Digital Catalog standards (like [https://fabdis.fr/ FABDIS] or [https://www.bme.de/ BMECAT]).

==Data Schema and Data Containers==

IMDE supports the exchange of data related to the following entities via so called DataContainers. A data container contains a message or file related to one or more entities of the same type.

* '''[[DataContainer_-_Item|Item]]''': Use to exchange data related to physical items. Items can be transported by car, truck, plane or boat. There are multiple types of items:
** ''Handling unit'' (e.g. a physical package or container that is used to transport, store or handle goods. It could be a pallet, a box, a crate or a bundle, and it is often used to group items together to facilitate handling, storage and transport. A cases, cartons, display)
** ''Finished goods'' (e.g. TV, mobile phone, bottle of shampoo, ready to eat salad, smoothie in plastic bottle)
** Parts/Components
*** ''Semi-finished good / Sub-assemblies'' (e.g. bottled beer without labels, frozen fries not yet packaged), usually produced by the brandowner/product manufacturer).
*** ''Components'' (e.g packaging components like foil & cans and food components like herb-mixes or electronic components)
*** ''Raw material'' (e.g. eggs, raw milk, salt, oil, tree trunk, grain, iron)
* '''[[DataContainer_-_Bill_of_materials|Bill of materials]]''': Hierarchies of physical items, for example full trade hierarchy (Pallet, case, finished good) or manufacturing BOMs (Finished Good, Components/Parts, Raw Materials)
* '''[[Trade_hierarchies|Trade hierarchies]]''': In the IMDE format, trade hierarchies are modelled as part of the Bill of materials
* '''Party/Legal Entity''': Organizations and corporations like Manufacturers, Retailers, NGOs and government bodies. Easy check: Legal entities can be sued in court
* '''Location''': Any place on earth where activities take place, like farms, forests, production facilities, distribution centers and retail stores). Easy check: Locations can be found on Google Maps.
* '''Brand''': Covers both product and organizational brands.
* '''Person''': Individuals/humans like employees and consumers)
* '''[[Transactions]]''': Production Runs, Orders, Shipments
*

Every entity will have a defined '''DataContainer''' within IMDE framework to exchange data related to this entity (e.g. product information for materials). Every DataContainer will have a header which includes an [[Layer_-_Identifiers|identifier]] which will enable machines to process the data in a fully automatic way.

===One or more Data Topics per container===
The core principles of the IMDE framework are interoperable and modular. That also applies to data schemas (data message formats and spreadsheet templates). Within the IMDE framework industry groups will work on defining DataTopics. A DataTopic will contain all datapoints covering a specific topic. Examples are: Packaging Materials, Allergens, Marks or Claims. Any data message or template can contain one or more DataTopics, depending on the needs in that part of the supply chain. For example
* A Packaging Component Supplier will include the Packaging Material Datatopic in a data message that is send to a CPG brand owner.
* A Herb Mix Supplier will include all Food recipe related DataTopics like Allergens, Ingredients and Nutrients
* A Adhesive supplier will include all Formula related DataTopics like Reach
* A CPG/FMCG in Food will data related to the "consumer product" which will Food and Packaging related DataTopics in the data message that is sent to heir business partners (retailers, wholesales, logistic service providers)

This covers the modular part, the framework becomes interoperable by allowing multiple schemas per DataTopic, with defined transformations between the schemas. This allows every party (both data senders and receivers) to work in the schema they prefer (no longer deliver multiple formats to all different data receivers).

The IMDE framework will support multiple DataSchemas per '''DataTopic''' (e.g allergens) and related data points, making sure all industries and all territories can join IMDE. IMDE will also support multiple DataSchemas per Data topic. Example: allergen exchange Excel template and Allergen Exchange XSD/XML. IMDE will also support existing information & taxonomy standards, like for example:
* [https://www.etim-international.com/ ETIM], the international classification standard for technical products
* [https://www.fao.org/ FAO] for Fish farming and Fishery related information standards
* [https://www.iso.org/ ISO] (e.g. for languages, countries and units)

[[Category:Layers]]

Layer - Data Schema

2026-01-04T13:59:12Z

HansdG:

Main Page

2026-01-04T13:56:57Z

HansdG: /* Why Interoperable and Modular? */

==What is IMDE?==
Interoperable Modular Data Exchange (IMDE) is a framework that will enable machine-2-machine exchange of data across the entire value network. Minimizing the cost for collecting, using and distributing data. IMDE can overcome a number of the challenges faced by organizations, [[Solution_Providers|solution providers]] and data processors like [[DataPools_and_Data_Networks|datapools]] in terms of improving simplification of data exchange while at the same time improving data quality (consistency, relevance, completeness, accuracy and timeliness). The biggest benefits are in exchanging data with both upstream and downstream business partners. The beneficiaries are machines!, so not humans. The whole framework is designed for fully autonomous communication between machines.

==Why Interoperable and Modular?==
Many of the initiatives in the past focussed on creating standards for specific use cases, or in specific industries. These standards often covered all six layers of data exchange:

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%;"
|+ IMDE - 6 Layer Framework for Interoperable Modular Data Exchange

|-
! style="color:white; background-color:#273247; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;" | L1
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#39b8bb; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | TX
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#97dbdd; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; width: 200px; text-align:left; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | Taxonomy
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#f3f3f3; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:normal; text-align:left; vertical-align:top;" | Establishes a unified communication language to ensure consistent terminology and understanding across different systems and platforms.
| style="color:white; background-color:white; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;" | [[ :Category:Taxonomy| Link]]
|-
! style="color:white; background-color:#273247; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;" | L2
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#39b8bb; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | IM
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#97dbdd; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; width: 200px; text-align:left; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | Information Model
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#f3f3f3; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:normal; text-align:left; vertical-align:top;" |Information model is a technology neutral, structured representation of the real world in a given domain, defining the key concepts, their properties, relationships, and rules in a consistent way.
| style="color:white; background-color:white; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;"| [[ :Category:Information_Model| Link]]
|-
! style="color:white; background-color:#273247; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;" |L3
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#39b8bb; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | ID
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#97dbdd; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; width: 200px; text-align:left; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | Identifiers
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#f3f3f3; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:normal; text-align:left; vertical-align:top;" | Supports various standards for uniquely identifying entities such as locations, products, brands and organizations.
| style="color:white; background-color:white; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;" | [[ID_-_Identifier_Types|Link]]
|-
! style="color:white; background-color:#273247; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;" | L4
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#39b8bb; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | CL
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#97dbdd; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; width: 200px; text-align:left; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | Code Lists
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#f3f3f3; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:normal; text-align:left; vertical-align:top;" | Standardizes sets of codes used to represent specific data elements, ensuring consistency and interoperability across different datasets and platforms. Example: Unit of Measure
| style="color:white; background-color:white; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;" | [[ :Category:Code_List| Link]]
|-
! style="color:white; background-color:#273247; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;" |L5
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#39b8bb; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | DS
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#97dbdd; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; width: 200px; text-align:left; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | Data Schema
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#f3f3f3; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:normal; text-align:left; vertical-align:top;" | Accommodates multiple data formatting standards in formats like JSON, XML, or spreadsheet templates, with clear declarations for each data container to facilitate seamless data exchange.
| style="color:white; background-color:white; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;" | [[Layer_-_Data_Format|Link]]
|-
! style="color:white; background-color:#273247; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;" | L6
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#39b8bb; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | DT
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#97dbdd; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; width: 200px; text-align:left; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | Data Transport
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#f3f3f3; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:normal; text-align:left; vertical-align:top;" | Defines the protocols and methods for securely and efficiently transferring data between systems, ensuring compatibility and effective communication across diverse platforms.
| style="color:white; background-color:white; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;" |[[Layer_-_Data Exchange|Link]]
|}

The challenge in this approach is that the world is big, so there are many standards, for different territories, industries and use cases. Which has resulted in the fact that data exchange is still a technical and organizational nightmare. Example: A Food manufacturer sourcing raw materials and components from multiple suppliers and selling both A-Brand and Private Label products can be dealing with dozens of different ways to exchange origin and allergen data. While the type of data is 100% the same in all situations: Allergens information has the same data points for raw materials, production materials, semifinished goods and finished goods, and allergen data is not different for A-Brands or Private label brands. But still, from a technical standpoint, organizations need to deal with many ways to export or import allergen related data.

The solution is to move away from all-in-one standards, where all standards had the strategy to become THE standard. And where every standard covers all 6 layers: the dictionary, the information model, the message structure, the exchange technology, the [[ID_-_Identifier_Types|identifiers]] and the code lists. This new approach is based on the idea of allowing modular standards with independent solutions for all 6 layers. Also supporting/allowing multiple standard per layer. For example:
* Support data exchange using either an Excel file or an XML message.
* Exchange technology: Indirect via and or more data pools or direct via a RestAPI.

The key principle is to model for multiple interoperable modular standards in any part of the framework. In this way, industries, organizations and solutions providers can choose the standard per part of the data exchange that suits best.

Main Page

2026-01-04T13:56:18Z

HansdG: /* Why Interoperable and Modular? */

==What is IMDE?==
Interoperable Modular Data Exchange (IMDE) is a framework that will enable machine-2-machine exchange of data across the entire value network. Minimizing the cost for collecting, using and distributing data. IMDE can overcome a number of the challenges faced by organizations, [[Solution_Providers|solution providers]] and data processors like [[DataPools_and_Data_Networks|datapools]] in terms of improving simplification of data exchange while at the same time improving data quality (consistency, relevance, completeness, accuracy and timeliness). The biggest benefits are in exchanging data with both upstream and downstream business partners. The beneficiaries are machines!, so not humans. The whole framework is designed for fully autonomous communication between machines.

==Why Interoperable and Modular?==
Many of the initiatives in the past focussed on creating standards for specific use cases, or in specific industries. These standards often covered all six layers of data exchange:

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%;"
|+ IMDE - 6 Layer Framework for Interoperable Modular Data Exchange

|-
! style="color:white; background-color:#273247; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;" | L1
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#39b8bb; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | TX
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#97dbdd; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; width: 200px; text-align:left; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | Taxonomy
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#f3f3f3; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:normal; text-align:left; vertical-align:top;" | Establishes a unified communication language to ensure consistent terminology and understanding across different systems and platforms.
| style="color:white; background-color:white; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;" | [[ :Category:Taxonomy| Link]]
|-
! style="color:white; background-color:#273247; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;" | L2
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#39b8bb; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | IM
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#97dbdd; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; width: 200px; text-align:left; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | Information Model
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#f3f3f3; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:normal; text-align:left; vertical-align:top;" |Information model is a technology neutral, structured representation of the real world in a given domain, defining the key concepts, their properties, relationships, and rules in a consistent way.
| style="color:white; background-color:white; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;"| [[ :Category:Information_Model| Link]]
|-
! style="color:white; background-color:#273247; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;" |L3
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#39b8bb; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | ID
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#97dbdd; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; width: 200px; text-align:left; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | Identifiers
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#f3f3f3; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:normal; text-align:left; vertical-align:top;" | Supports various standards for uniquely identifying entities such as locations, products, brands and organizations.
| style="color:white; background-color:white; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;" | [[ID_-_Identifier_Types|Link]]
|-
! style="color:white; background-color:#273247; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;" | L4
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#39b8bb; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | CL
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#97dbdd; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; width: 200px; text-align:left; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | Code Lists
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#f3f3f3; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:normal; text-align:left; vertical-align:top;" | Standardizes sets of codes used to represent specific data elements, ensuring consistency and interoperability across different datasets and platforms. Example: Unit of Measure
| style="color:white; background-color:white; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;" | [[ :Category:Code_List| Link]]
|-
! style="color:white; background-color:#273247; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;" |L5
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#39b8bb; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | DF
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#97dbdd; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; width: 200px; text-align:left; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | Data Schema
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#f3f3f3; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:normal; text-align:left; vertical-align:top;" | Accommodates multiple data formatting standards in formats like JSON, XML, or spreadsheet templates, with clear declarations for each data container to facilitate seamless data exchange.
| style="color:white; background-color:white; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;" | [[Layer_-_Data_Format|Link]]
|-
! style="color:white; background-color:#273247; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;" | L6
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#39b8bb; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | DX
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#97dbdd; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; width: 200px; text-align:left; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | Data Transport
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#f3f3f3; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:normal; text-align:left; vertical-align:top;" | Defines the protocols and methods for securely and efficiently transferring data between systems, ensuring compatibility and effective communication across diverse platforms.
| style="color:white; background-color:white; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;" |[[Layer_-_Data Exchange|Link]]
|}

The challenge in this approach is that the world is big, so there are many standards, for different territories, industries and use cases. Which has resulted in the fact that data exchange is still a technical and organizational nightmare. Example: A Food manufacturer sourcing raw materials and components from multiple suppliers and selling both A-Brand and Private Label products can be dealing with dozens of different ways to exchange origin and allergen data. While the type of data is 100% the same in all situations: Allergens information has the same data points for raw materials, production materials, semifinished goods and finished goods, and allergen data is not different for A-Brands or Private label brands. But still, from a technical standpoint, organizations need to deal with many ways to export or import allergen related data.

The solution is to move away from all-in-one standards, where all standards had the strategy to become THE standard. And where every standard covers all 6 layers: the dictionary, the information model, the message structure, the exchange technology, the [[ID_-_Identifier_Types|identifiers]] and the code lists. This new approach is based on the idea of allowing modular standards with independent solutions for all 6 layers. Also supporting/allowing multiple standard per layer. For example:
* Support data exchange using either an Excel file or an XML message.
* Exchange technology: Indirect via and or more data pools or direct via a RestAPI.

The key principle is to model for multiple interoperable modular standards in any part of the framework. In this way, industries, organizations and solutions providers can choose the standard per part of the data exchange that suits best.

Main Page

2025-12-07T14:15:50Z

HansdG: /* Why Interoperable and Modular? */

==What is IMDE?==
Interoperable Modular Data Exchange (IMDE) is a framework that will enable machine-2-machine exchange of data across the entire value network. Minimizing the cost for collecting, using and distributing data. IMDE can overcome a number of the challenges faced by organizations, [[Solution_Providers|solution providers]] and data processors like [[DataPools_and_Data_Networks|datapools]] in terms of improving simplification of data exchange while at the same time improving data quality (consistency, relevance, completeness, accuracy and timeliness). The biggest benefits are in exchanging data with both upstream and downstream business partners. The beneficiaries are machines!, so not humans. The whole framework is designed for fully autonomous communication between machines.

==Why Interoperable and Modular?==
Many of the initiatives in the past focussed on creating standards for specific use cases, or in specific industries. These standards often covered all six layers of data exchange:

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%;"
|+ IMDE - 6 Layer Framework for Interoperable Modular Data Exchange

|-
! style="color:white; background-color:#273247; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;" | L1
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#39b8bb; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | TX
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#97dbdd; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; width: 200px; text-align:left; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | Taxonomy
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#f3f3f3; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:normal; text-align:left; vertical-align:top;" | Establishes a unified communication language to ensure consistent terminology and understanding across different systems and platforms.
| style="color:white; background-color:white; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;" | [[ :Category:Taxonomy| Link]]
|-
! style="color:white; background-color:#273247; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;" | L2
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#39b8bb; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | IM
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#97dbdd; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; width: 200px; text-align:left; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | Information Model
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#f3f3f3; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:normal; text-align:left; vertical-align:top;" |Information model is a technology neutral, structured representation of the real world in a given domain, defining the key concepts, their properties, relationships, and rules in a consistent way.
| style="color:white; background-color:white; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;"| [[ :Category:Information_Model| Link]]
|-
! style="color:white; background-color:#273247; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;" |L3
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#39b8bb; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | ID
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#97dbdd; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; width: 200px; text-align:left; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | Identifiers
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#f3f3f3; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:normal; text-align:left; vertical-align:top;" | Supports various standards for uniquely identifying entities such as locations, products, brands and organizations.
| style="color:white; background-color:white; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;" | [[ID_-_Identifier_Types|Link]]
|-
! style="color:white; background-color:#273247; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;" | L4
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#39b8bb; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | CL
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#97dbdd; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; width: 200px; text-align:left; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | Code Lists
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#f3f3f3; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:normal; text-align:left; vertical-align:top;" | Standardizes sets of codes used to represent specific data elements, ensuring consistency and interoperability across different datasets and platforms. Example: Unit of Measure
| style="color:white; background-color:white; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;" | [[ :Category:Code_List| Link]]
|-
! style="color:white; background-color:#273247; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;" |L5
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#39b8bb; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | DF
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#97dbdd; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; width: 200px; text-align:left; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | Data Formats
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#f3f3f3; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:normal; text-align:left; vertical-align:top;" | Accommodates multiple data formatting standards in formats like JSON, XML, or spreadsheet templates, with clear declarations for each data container to facilitate seamless data exchange.
| style="color:white; background-color:white; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;" | [[Layer_-_Data_Format|Link]]
|-
! style="color:white; background-color:#273247; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;" | L6
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#39b8bb; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | DX
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#97dbdd; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; width: 200px; text-align:left; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:top;" | Data Exchange
| style="color:#273247; background-color:#f3f3f3; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; font-weight:normal; text-align:left; vertical-align:top;" | Defines the protocols and methods for securely and efficiently transferring data between systems, ensuring compatibility and effective communication across diverse platforms.
| style="color:white; background-color:white; border:solid 1px white; padding: 10px; vertical-align:top;" |[[Layer_-_Data Exchange|Link]]
|}

The challenge in this approach is that the world is big, so there are many standards, for different territories, industries and use cases. Which has resulted in the fact that data exchange is still a technical and organizational nightmare. Example: A Food manufacturer sourcing raw materials and components from multiple suppliers and selling both A-Brand and Private Label products can be dealing with dozens of different ways to exchange origin and allergen data. While the type of data is 100% the same in all situations: Allergens information has the same data points for raw materials, production materials, semifinished goods and finished goods, and allergen data is not different for A-Brands or Private label brands. But still, from a technical standpoint, organizations need to deal with many ways to export or import allergen related data.

The solution is to move away from all-in-one standards, where all standards had the strategy to become THE standard. And where every standard covers all 6 layers: the dictionary, the information model, the message structure, the exchange technology, the [[ID_-_Identifier_Types|identifiers]] and the code lists. This new approach is based on the idea of allowing modular standards with independent solutions for all 6 layers. Also supporting/allowing multiple standard per layer. For example:
* Support data exchange using either an Excel file or an XML message.
* Exchange technology: Indirect via and or more data pools or direct via a RestAPI.

The key principle is to model for multiple interoperable modular standards in any part of the framework. In this way, industries, organizations and solutions providers can choose the standard per part of the data exchange that suits best.

SVHC Substances of Very High Concern - TX

2025-11-14T10:21:46Z

HansdG: /* The Official List */

'''Substances of Very High Concern (SVHC)''' is a legal classification of chemicals under the European Union's primary chemical regulation, '''REACH''' (Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006).

This taxonomy page defines the SVHCs that must be tracked for packaging compliance, separate from other specific restrictions like those for Heavy Metals or PFAS under the PPWR.

== 🏛️ Definition and Legal Basis ==
An SVHC is a substance that has been identified as having intrinsic hazardous properties, such as:
* Being carcinogenic, mutagenic, or toxic for reproduction (CMR).
* Being persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT).
* Causing other serious effects to human health or the environment (e.g., endocrine disruptors).

=== The Official List ===
There is no fixed list of SVHCs. The official list is called the '''"Candidate List of substances of very high concern for Authorisation"''' and is maintained by the ''European Chemicals Agency (ECHA)''.

[https://echa.europa.eu/candidate-list-table Link to the candidate list]

This list is dynamic and is '''updated twice per year''' as new substances are identified. All compliance checks must be made against the most current version of this list.

=== The Threshold That Matters: 0.1% w/w ===
For packaging (which is defined as an "article" under REACH), a legal obligation is triggered if any single SVHC from the Candidate List is present in any component in a concentration above '''0.1% weight by weight (w/w)'''.

This is the threshold (equivalent to '''1000 mg/kg''') that must be tracked.

If this threshold is exceeded, producers have legal obligations, including:
1. '''Duty to Communicate:''' Informing B2B customers of the substance's presence and name.
2. '''SCIP Database Notification:''' Submitting a notification to the ECHA **SCIP** (Substances of Concern in Products) database.

== 📋 SVHC Data in Your System ==
In this system, SVHCs are tracked using the following data points for each packaging component.

* '''`SVHC_Present_Above_0_1_pct`''': [Boolean] A True/False flag. "True" means one or more substances from the official ECHA Candidate List are present above the 1000 mg/kg threshold.
* '''`SVHC_Substance_Name`''': [String] The official chemical name of the SVHC.
* '''`SVHC_CAS_Number`''': [String] The CAS number of the SVHC.
* '''`SVHC_EC_Number`''': [String] The EC number of the SVHC.

== 💡 Common SVHCs Relevant for Packaging ==
The full ECHA Candidate List contains over 240 substances. The table below provides common examples relevant to packaging materials. This list is '''for illustration only''' and is not exhaustive.

''Note: This list excludes the four heavy metals (Lead, Cadmium, Mercury, Hexavalent Chromium) and PFAS, which are tracked separately in this system under their own PPWR-specific restrictions.''

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Substance Name
! EC Number
! CAS Number
! Common Use in Packaging / Where to Look
|-
! colspan="4" | Plasticizers (Phthalates)
|-
| Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)
| 204-211-0
| 117-81-7
| Very common plasticizer, especially in flexible '''PVC'''; also in inks and adhesives.
|-
| Dibutyl phthalate (DBP)
| 201-557-4
| 84-74-2
| Plasticizer for '''PVC''', adhesives, and coatings; solvent in inks.
|-
| Benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP)
| 201-622-7
| 85-68-7
| Plasticizer for '''PVC''', adhesives, sealants, and inks.
|-
| Diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP)
| 201-553-2
| 84-69-5
| Plasticizer, often used as a substitute for DBP in '''PVC''', inks, and adhesives.
|-
! colspan="4" | Monomers & Other Additives
|-
| Bisphenol A (BPA)
| 201-245-8
| 80-05-7
| Monomer for '''Polycarbonate (PC)''' plastic; used in '''epoxy resin''' linings for food/drink cans.
|-
| Melamine
| 203-615-4
| 108-78-1
| Used in resins and polymers. Can be found in "bamboo-melamine" composite packaging.
|}

== See Also ==
* [[EPR_(Extended_Producer_Responsibility)_-_TX]]

[[Category:Taxonomy]]

SVHC Substances of Very High Concern - TX

2025-11-14T10:21:28Z

HansdG: /* The Official List */

'''Substances of Very High Concern (SVHC)''' is a legal classification of chemicals under the European Union's primary chemical regulation, '''REACH''' (Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006).

This taxonomy page defines the SVHCs that must be tracked for packaging compliance, separate from other specific restrictions like those for Heavy Metals or PFAS under the PPWR.

== 🏛️ Definition and Legal Basis ==
An SVHC is a substance that has been identified as having intrinsic hazardous properties, such as:
* Being carcinogenic, mutagenic, or toxic for reproduction (CMR).
* Being persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT).
* Causing other serious effects to human health or the environment (e.g., endocrine disruptors).

=== The Official List ===
There is no fixed list of SVHCs. The official list is called the '''"Candidate List of substances of very high concern for Authorisation"''' and is maintained by the ''European Chemicals Agency (ECHA)''. [https://echa.europa.eu/candidate-list-table Link to the candidate list]

This list is dynamic and is '''updated twice per year''' as new substances are identified. All compliance checks must be made against the most current version of this list.

=== The Threshold That Matters: 0.1% w/w ===
For packaging (which is defined as an "article" under REACH), a legal obligation is triggered if any single SVHC from the Candidate List is present in any component in a concentration above '''0.1% weight by weight (w/w)'''.

This is the threshold (equivalent to '''1000 mg/kg''') that must be tracked.

If this threshold is exceeded, producers have legal obligations, including:
1. '''Duty to Communicate:''' Informing B2B customers of the substance's presence and name.
2. '''SCIP Database Notification:''' Submitting a notification to the ECHA **SCIP** (Substances of Concern in Products) database.

== 📋 SVHC Data in Your System ==
In this system, SVHCs are tracked using the following data points for each packaging component.

* '''`SVHC_Present_Above_0_1_pct`''': [Boolean] A True/False flag. "True" means one or more substances from the official ECHA Candidate List are present above the 1000 mg/kg threshold.
* '''`SVHC_Substance_Name`''': [String] The official chemical name of the SVHC.
* '''`SVHC_CAS_Number`''': [String] The CAS number of the SVHC.
* '''`SVHC_EC_Number`''': [String] The EC number of the SVHC.

== 💡 Common SVHCs Relevant for Packaging ==
The full ECHA Candidate List contains over 240 substances. The table below provides common examples relevant to packaging materials. This list is '''for illustration only''' and is not exhaustive.

''Note: This list excludes the four heavy metals (Lead, Cadmium, Mercury, Hexavalent Chromium) and PFAS, which are tracked separately in this system under their own PPWR-specific restrictions.''

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Substance Name
! EC Number
! CAS Number
! Common Use in Packaging / Where to Look
|-
! colspan="4" | Plasticizers (Phthalates)
|-
| Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)
| 204-211-0
| 117-81-7
| Very common plasticizer, especially in flexible '''PVC'''; also in inks and adhesives.
|-
| Dibutyl phthalate (DBP)
| 201-557-4
| 84-74-2
| Plasticizer for '''PVC''', adhesives, and coatings; solvent in inks.
|-
| Benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP)
| 201-622-7
| 85-68-7
| Plasticizer for '''PVC''', adhesives, sealants, and inks.
|-
| Diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP)
| 201-553-2
| 84-69-5
| Plasticizer, often used as a substitute for DBP in '''PVC''', inks, and adhesives.
|-
! colspan="4" | Monomers & Other Additives
|-
| Bisphenol A (BPA)
| 201-245-8
| 80-05-7
| Monomer for '''Polycarbonate (PC)''' plastic; used in '''epoxy resin''' linings for food/drink cans.
|-
| Melamine
| 203-615-4
| 108-78-1
| Used in resins and polymers. Can be found in "bamboo-melamine" composite packaging.
|}

== See Also ==
* [[EPR_(Extended_Producer_Responsibility)_-_TX]]

[[Category:Taxonomy]]

SVHC Substances of Very High Concern - TX

2025-11-14T10:20:38Z

HansdG:

'''Substances of Very High Concern (SVHC)''' is a legal classification of chemicals under the European Union's primary chemical regulation, '''REACH''' (Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006).

This taxonomy page defines the SVHCs that must be tracked for packaging compliance, separate from other specific restrictions like those for Heavy Metals or PFAS under the PPWR.

== 🏛️ Definition and Legal Basis ==
An SVHC is a substance that has been identified as having intrinsic hazardous properties, such as:
* Being carcinogenic, mutagenic, or toxic for reproduction (CMR).
* Being persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT).
* Causing other serious effects to human health or the environment (e.g., endocrine disruptors).

=== The Official List ===
There is no fixed list of SVHCs. The official list is called the '''"Candidate List of substances of very high concern for Authorisation"''' and is maintained by the ''European Chemicals Agency (ECHA)''.

This list is dynamic and is '''updated twice per year''' as new substances are identified. All compliance checks must be made against the most current version of this list.

=== The Threshold That Matters: 0.1% w/w ===
For packaging (which is defined as an "article" under REACH), a legal obligation is triggered if any single SVHC from the Candidate List is present in any component in a concentration above '''0.1% weight by weight (w/w)'''.

This is the threshold (equivalent to '''1000 mg/kg''') that must be tracked.

If this threshold is exceeded, producers have legal obligations, including:
1. '''Duty to Communicate:''' Informing B2B customers of the substance's presence and name.
2. '''SCIP Database Notification:''' Submitting a notification to the ECHA **SCIP** (Substances of Concern in Products) database.

== 📋 SVHC Data in Your System ==
In this system, SVHCs are tracked using the following data points for each packaging component.

* '''`SVHC_Present_Above_0_1_pct`''': [Boolean] A True/False flag. "True" means one or more substances from the official ECHA Candidate List are present above the 1000 mg/kg threshold.
* '''`SVHC_Substance_Name`''': [String] The official chemical name of the SVHC.
* '''`SVHC_CAS_Number`''': [String] The CAS number of the SVHC.
* '''`SVHC_EC_Number`''': [String] The EC number of the SVHC.

== 💡 Common SVHCs Relevant for Packaging ==
The full ECHA Candidate List contains over 240 substances. The table below provides common examples relevant to packaging materials. This list is '''for illustration only''' and is not exhaustive.

''Note: This list excludes the four heavy metals (Lead, Cadmium, Mercury, Hexavalent Chromium) and PFAS, which are tracked separately in this system under their own PPWR-specific restrictions.''

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Substance Name
! EC Number
! CAS Number
! Common Use in Packaging / Where to Look
|-
! colspan="4" | Plasticizers (Phthalates)
|-
| Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)
| 204-211-0
| 117-81-7
| Very common plasticizer, especially in flexible '''PVC'''; also in inks and adhesives.
|-
| Dibutyl phthalate (DBP)
| 201-557-4
| 84-74-2
| Plasticizer for '''PVC''', adhesives, and coatings; solvent in inks.
|-
| Benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP)
| 201-622-7
| 85-68-7
| Plasticizer for '''PVC''', adhesives, sealants, and inks.
|-
| Diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP)
| 201-553-2
| 84-69-5
| Plasticizer, often used as a substitute for DBP in '''PVC''', inks, and adhesives.
|-
! colspan="4" | Monomers & Other Additives
|-
| Bisphenol A (BPA)
| 201-245-8
| 80-05-7
| Monomer for '''Polycarbonate (PC)''' plastic; used in '''epoxy resin''' linings for food/drink cans.
|-
| Melamine
| 203-615-4
| 108-78-1
| Used in resins and polymers. Can be found in "bamboo-melamine" composite packaging.
|}

== See Also ==
* [[EPR_(Extended_Producer_Responsibility)_-_TX]]

[[Category:Taxonomy]]

SVHC Substances of Very High Concern - TX

2025-11-14T10:19:56Z

HansdG: Created page with "'''Substances of Very High Concern (SVHC)''' is a legal classification of chemicals under the European Union's primary chemical regulation, '''REACH''' (Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006). This taxonomy page defines the SVHCs that must be tracked for packaging compliance, separate from other specific restrictions like those for Heavy Metals or PFAS under the PPWR. == 🏛️ Definition and Legal Basis == An SVHC is a substance that has been identified as having intrinsic ha..."

'''Substances of Very High Concern (SVHC)''' is a legal classification of chemicals under the European Union's primary chemical regulation, '''REACH''' (Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006).

This taxonomy page defines the SVHCs that must be tracked for packaging compliance, separate from other specific restrictions like those for Heavy Metals or PFAS under the PPWR.

== 🏛️ Definition and Legal Basis ==
An SVHC is a substance that has been identified as having intrinsic hazardous properties, such as:
* Being carcinogenic, mutagenic, or toxic for reproduction (CMR).
* Being persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT).
* Causing other serious effects to human health or the environment (e.g., endocrine disruptors).

=== The Official List ===
There is no fixed list of SVHCs. The official list is called the '''"Candidate List of substances of very high concern for Authorisation"''' and is maintained by the **European Chemicals Agency (ECHA)**.

This list is dynamic and is '''updated twice per year''' as new substances are identified. All compliance checks must be made against the most current version of this list.

=== The Threshold That Matters: 0.1% w/w ===
For packaging (which is defined as an "article" under REACH), a legal obligation is triggered if any single SVHC from the Candidate List is present in any component in a concentration above '''0.1% weight by weight (w/w)'''.

This is the threshold (equivalent to '''1000 mg/kg''') that must be tracked.

If this threshold is exceeded, producers have legal obligations, including:
1. '''Duty to Communicate:''' Informing B2B customers of the substance's presence and name.
2. '''SCIP Database Notification:''' Submitting a notification to the ECHA **SCIP** (Substances of Concern in Products) database.

== 📋 SVHC Data in Your System ==
In this system, SVHCs are tracked using the following data points for each packaging component.

* '''`SVHC_Present_Above_0_1_pct`''': [Boolean] A True/False flag. "True" means one or more substances from the official ECHA Candidate List are present above the 1000 mg/kg threshold.
* '''`SVHC_Substance_Name`''': [String] The official chemical name of the SVHC.
* '''`SVHC_CAS_Number`''': [String] The CAS number of the SVHC.
* '''`SVHC_EC_Number`''': [String] The EC number of the SVHC.

== 💡 Common SVHCs Relevant for Packaging ==
The full ECHA Candidate List contains over 240 substances. The table below provides common examples relevant to packaging materials. This list is '''for illustration only''' and is not exhaustive.

''Note: This list excludes the four heavy metals (Lead, Cadmium, Mercury, Hexavalent Chromium) and PFAS, which are tracked separately in this system under their own PPWR-specific restrictions.''

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Substance Name
! EC Number
! CAS Number
! Common Use in Packaging / Where to Look
|-
! colspan="4" | Plasticizers (Phthalates)
|-
| Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)
| 204-211-0
| 117-81-7
| Very common plasticizer, especially in flexible '''PVC'''; also in inks and adhesives.
|-
| Dibutyl phthalate (DBP)
| 201-557-4
| 84-74-2
| Plasticizer for '''PVC''', adhesives, and coatings; solvent in inks.
|-
| Benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP)
| 201-622-7
| 85-68-7
| Plasticizer for '''PVC''', adhesives, sealants, and inks.
|-
| Diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP)
| 201-553-2
| 84-69-5
| Plasticizer, often used as a substitute for DBP in '''PVC''', inks, and adhesives.
|-
! colspan="4" | Monomers & Other Additives
|-
| Bisphenol A (BPA)
| 201-245-8
| 80-05-7
| Monomer for '''Polycarbonate (PC)''' plastic; used in '''epoxy resin''' linings for food/drink cans.
|-
| Melamine
| 203-615-4
| 108-78-1
| Used in resins and polymers. Can be found in "bamboo-melamine" composite packaging.
|}

== See Also ==
* [[EPR_(Extended_Producer_Responsibility)_-_TX]]

[[Category:Taxonomy]]

Plastic - TX

2025-11-14T09:45:15Z

HansdG:

'''Plastic''' is a term for a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic materials whose main ingredient is a polymer. While this sounds straightforward, the precise classification of a material as "plastic" is '''not globally uniform'''.

The classification used for compliance, particularly for '''Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)''', is a specific legal definition that may differ from a purely scientific one.

This page outlines the difference between the scientific and the critical '''legal (EPR) definitions''' that govern compliance and reporting.

== 🔬 The Scientific Definition: Polymer vs. Plastic ==
From a scientific standpoint, the terms are related but distinct:

* '''Polymer:''' A large molecule (macromolecule) made of many repeating subunits, called monomers. Polymers are fundamental to all life (e.g., DNA, cellulose in wood) and are also synthesized in labs (e.g., polyethylene).
* '''Plastic:''' A ''subset'' of polymers. A plastic is a material—typically synthetic or semi-synthetic—that is defined by its ''plasticity'' (malleability), meaning it can be molded into a solid shape.

:'''Analogy:''' All plastics are polymers, but not all polymers are plastics.

== 🌍 The Regulatory Definition (Why It Matters for EPR) ==
For EPR, packaging taxes, and environmental laws, the '''legal definition is the only one that matters'''.

These definitions are set by specific legislation (e.g., a country's waste framework directive) and are not uniform globally. The most critical distinction in modern law is between ''unmodified'' natural polymers and ''chemically modified'' natural polymers.

=== 🇪🇺 European Union ===
The foundational definition for all 27 EU member states comes from the '''Single-Use Plastics Directive (SUPD) - (EU) 2019/904'''. This is the legal basis all national schemes must follow.

The law defines 'plastic' as:
<blockquote>"a material consisting of a '''polymer'''... to which additives or other substances may have been added, and which can function as a main structural component of final products, '''with the exception of natural polymers that have not been chemically modified'''."</blockquote>

=== 🇬🇧 United Kingdom ===
The UK's definition, used for its '''Plastic Packaging Tax''' and EPR schemes, is functionally identical to the EU's.

It defines plastic as "a polymer material..." and provides the same crucial exception for unmodified natural polymers. The UK also adds a practical rule for composites: a component is "plastic packaging" if it contains '''more plastic by weight''' than any other single material.

== 📋 How to Classify Materials (EU & UK) ==
Based on these legal definitions, here is the practical guide for classifying packaging materials.

=== ✅ What IS Legally a "Plastic" ===
These materials '''must''' be reported as plastic in most EU/UK EPR schemes.

* '''All fossil-based polymers:''' PET, PE, PP, PS, PVC, etc.
* '''All bio-based plastics:''' PLA, PHA, etc. (Being "bio-based" does not exempt it).
* '''All biodegradable/compostable plastics:''' (Being "compostable" does not exempt it).
* '''Chemically Modified Natural Polymers:''' This is the key category.
** Example: ''Cellulose Acetate'' (used in filters and films).
* '''Polyurethane (PU):''' In foam or rigid form, PU is legally defined as a plastic.
* '''Foams:''' EPS (Expanded Polystyrene), EPE (Expanded PE), EPP (Expanded PP) are all plastics.

=== ❌ What is NOT Legally a "Plastic" ===
These materials are typically ''exempt'' from the legal definition of plastic, even if they are polymers.

* '''Unmodified Natural Polymers:''' Materials that are polymeric but not chemically altered.
** Paper and Cardboard (Cellulose)
** Cotton, Jute, Hemp, Flax (Cellulose)
** Natural Rubber
** Viscose, Rayon, and Cellulose Hydrate (These are typically considered unmodified in EU guidance).
* '''Other Materials:'''
** '''Silicone:''' Silicone is an inorganic polymer (a polysiloxane). It is generally treated as a separate material category, distinct from the organic polymers defined as "plastic" by the SUPD.
** '''Glass'''
** '''Metal'''

== ❗ The Golden Rule for Reporting ==
The legal definition of "plastic" and the specific reporting categories are '''country-specific'''.

Always refer to the official '''material classification guide''' provided by the specific national EPR scheme (e.g., CITEO in France, Zentrale Stelle in Germany) before submitting data.

When in doubt, contact the scheme operator directly and ask for a binding classification for your material.

== See Also ==
* [[Polymers_-_TX]]
* [[EPR_(Extended_Producer_Responsibility)_-_TX]]
* [[PRO_(Producer_Responsibility_Organization)_-_TX]]

[[Category:Taxonomy]]

Plastic - TX

2025-11-14T09:44:19Z

HansdG: Created page with "'''Plastic''' is a term for a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic materials whose main ingredient is a polymer. While this sounds straightforward, the precise classification of a material as "plastic" is '''not globally uniform'''. The classification used for compliance, particularly for **Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)**, is a specific legal definition that may differ from a purely scientific one. This page outlines the difference between the scientific..."

'''Plastic''' is a term for a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic materials whose main ingredient is a polymer. While this sounds straightforward, the precise classification of a material as "plastic" is '''not globally uniform'''.

The classification used for compliance, particularly for **Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)**, is a specific legal definition that may differ from a purely scientific one.

This page outlines the difference between the scientific and the critical '''legal (EPR) definitions''' that govern compliance and reporting.

== 🔬 The Scientific Definition: Polymer vs. Plastic ==
From a scientific standpoint, the terms are related but distinct:

* '''Polymer:''' A large molecule (macromolecule) made of many repeating subunits, called monomers. Polymers are fundamental to all life (e.g., DNA, cellulose in wood) and are also synthesized in labs (e.g., polyethylene).
* '''Plastic:''' A ''subset'' of polymers. A plastic is a material—typically synthetic or semi-synthetic—that is defined by its ''plasticity'' (malleability), meaning it can be molded into a solid shape.

:'''Analogy:''' All plastics are polymers, but not all polymers are plastics.

== 🌍 The Regulatory Definition (Why It Matters for EPR) ==
For EPR, packaging taxes, and environmental laws, the '''legal definition is the only one that matters'''.

These definitions are set by specific legislation (e.g., a country's waste framework directive) and are not uniform globally. The most critical distinction in modern law is between ''unmodified'' natural polymers and ''chemically modified'' natural polymers.

=== 🇪🇺 European Union ===
The foundational definition for all 27 EU member states comes from the '''Single-Use Plastics Directive (SUPD) - (EU) 2019/904'''. This is the legal basis all national schemes must follow.

The law defines 'plastic' as:
<blockquote>"a material consisting of a '''polymer'''... to which additives or other substances may have been added, and which can function as a main structural component of final products, '''with the exception of natural polymers that have not been chemically modified'''."</blockquote>

=== 🇬🇧 United Kingdom ===
The UK's definition, used for its '''Plastic Packaging Tax''' and EPR schemes, is functionally identical to the EU's.

It defines plastic as "a polymer material..." and provides the same crucial exception for unmodified natural polymers. The UK also adds a practical rule for composites: a component is "plastic packaging" if it contains '''more plastic by weight''' than any other single material.

== 📋 How to Classify Materials (EU & UK) ==
Based on these legal definitions, here is the practical guide for classifying packaging materials.

=== ✅ What IS Legally a "Plastic" ===
These materials '''must''' be reported as plastic in most EU/UK EPR schemes.

* '''All fossil-based polymers:''' PET, PE, PP, PS, PVC, etc.
* '''All bio-based plastics:''' PLA, PHA, etc. (Being "bio-based" does not exempt it).
* '''All biodegradable/compostable plastics:''' (Being "compostable" does not exempt it).
* '''Chemically Modified Natural Polymers:''' This is the key category.
** Example: ''Cellulose Acetate'' (used in filters and films).
* '''Polyurethane (PU):''' In foam or rigid form, PU is legally defined as a plastic.
* '''Foams:''' EPS (Expanded Polystyrene), EPE (Expanded PE), EPP (Expanded PP) are all plastics.

=== ❌ What is NOT Legally a "Plastic" ===
These materials are typically ''exempt'' from the legal definition of plastic, even if they are polymers.

* '''Unmodified Natural Polymers:''' Materials that are polymeric but not chemically altered.
** Paper and Cardboard (Cellulose)
** Cotton, Jute, Hemp, Flax (Cellulose)
** Natural Rubber
** Viscose, Rayon, and Cellulose Hydrate (These are typically considered unmodified in EU guidance).
* '''Other Materials:'''
** '''Silicone:''' Silicone is an inorganic polymer (a polysiloxane). It is generally treated as a separate material category, distinct from the organic polymers defined as "plastic" by the SUPD.
** '''Glass'''
** '''Metal'''

== ❗ The Golden Rule for Reporting ==
The legal definition of "plastic" and the specific reporting categories are '''country-specific'''.

Always refer to the official '''material classification guide''' provided by the specific national EPR scheme (e.g., CITEO in France, Zentrale Stelle in Germany) before submitting data.

When in doubt, contact the scheme operator directly and ask for a binding classification for your material.

== See Also ==
* [[Polymers_-_TX]]
* [[EPR_(Extended_Producer_Responsibility)_-_TX]]
* [[PRO_(Producer_Responsibility_Organization)_-_TX]]

[[Category:Taxonomy]]

Material Source - TX

2025-11-10T10:36:35Z

HansdG: /* Chain of Custody Models for Recycled Content */

As global industries shift towards more sustainable practices, tracking and classifying the material sources used in manufacturing has become critical. Understanding the origin of materials, whether recycled or virgin, is essential not only for environmental reporting but also for aligning with regulatory standards, such as ISO 14021 and ISO 18604, and industry-specific sustainability guidelines.

This document outlines a standardized framework for categorizing material sources, allowing manufacturers, suppliers, and partners to consistently track the environmental impact of materials used in products. This structure supports both transparency and compliance across various industries, offering a clear breakdown of materials by their source of origin.

== Key Material Source Categories ==

Materials Sources are broadly classified into two primary categories based on their origin:
* '''Recycled Content''' – Materials that have been recovered from post-industrial or post-consumer processes and reintroduced into the manufacturing cycle. This category also includes recycled additives and other forms of recovered materials.
* '''Virgin Content''' – Materials sourced directly from natural resources (such as mined metals or harvested wood) that have not been previously used or processed. This includes raw materials and newly introduced additives.

=== Why Material Source Matters ===
Classifying material sources is not just about environmental responsibility—it's about building resilient supply chains and meeting regulatory requirements. By clearly identifying the origin of materials, organizations can:
* Enhance their sustainability profiles.
* Comply with international standards, regulations and certifications (e.g PPWD)
* Facilitate reporting to consumers and stakeholders on the recycled content of products.

== Material Source per Material Class ==
The following sections provide a standardized method for tracking and reporting material sources, categorized by [[Material_Class_-_TX|material class]]. This ensures consistent classification across polymers, paper, metals, textiles, ceramics, wood, glass, and other materials. The [[Value_unit_-_TX|value unit]] for the split is % (percentage).

{| class="wikitable"
! Material Source
! Glass
! Paper
! Metals
! Textiles
! Ceramics
! Wood
! Polymers
! Generic
|-
! colspan="9" | Recycled
|-
| Post Industrial (PIR)
| X
|
| X
| X
| X
| X
| X
| X
|-
| Post Consumer (PCR)
| X
|
| X
| X
| X
| X
| X
| X
|-
| Paper Fiber Post Industrial
|
| X
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| Paper Fiber Post Consumer
|
| X
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| Other
| X
| X
| X
| X
| X
| X
| X
| X
|-
! colspan="9" | Virgin
|-
| Paper Fiber
|
| X
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| Bio Renewable
|
|
|
| X
|
| X
| X
|
|-
| Mined Ore/Minerals
| X
|
| X
|
| X
|
|
|
|-
| Crude Oil
|
|
|
|
|
|
| X
|
|-
| Natural Gas
|
|
|
|
|
|
| X
|
|-
| Other
| X
| X
| X
| X
| X
| X
| X
| X
|}

===Chain of Custody Models for Recycled Content===

To verifiably track the percentage of Post-Consumer (PCR) and Post-Industrial (PIR) content through the supply chain, companies utilize standardized Chain of Custody (CoC) models, such as those defined in ISO 22095. The two most common models are Segregated and Mass Balance.
* The '''Segregated''' model ensures recycled material is kept physically separate from virgin material throughout the entire manufacturing process.
* The '''Mass Balance''' model is an accounting-based system that allows for the mixing of recycled and virgin feedstocks, while an auditable process tracks and allocates the total volume of recycled material to a portion of the final product output. While Segregation offers direct physical traceability, Mass Balance provides a critical, cost-effective pathway to scale the use of recycled content in complex industries like polymers.

== Norms related to material sources==

ISO and EN norms relevant to material sources that can apply across different material classes:
*'''ISO 14021''': Defines recycled content classifications, including Post Industrial (materials recovered from manufacturing) and Post Consumer (materials recovered after consumer use).
*'''ISO 18604''': Covers material recycling, particularly for packaging, including virgin materials like Crude-oil Derived and Mined Ore.
*'''EN 13432''': Focuses on bio-based materials, defining standards for Virgin Bio-based materials, typically for biodegradable packaging.

[[Category:Taxonomy]]

Material Source - TX

2025-11-10T10:36:10Z

HansdG: /* Chain of Custody Models for Recycled Content */

As global industries shift towards more sustainable practices, tracking and classifying the material sources used in manufacturing has become critical. Understanding the origin of materials, whether recycled or virgin, is essential not only for environmental reporting but also for aligning with regulatory standards, such as ISO 14021 and ISO 18604, and industry-specific sustainability guidelines.

This document outlines a standardized framework for categorizing material sources, allowing manufacturers, suppliers, and partners to consistently track the environmental impact of materials used in products. This structure supports both transparency and compliance across various industries, offering a clear breakdown of materials by their source of origin.

== Key Material Source Categories ==

Materials Sources are broadly classified into two primary categories based on their origin:
* '''Recycled Content''' – Materials that have been recovered from post-industrial or post-consumer processes and reintroduced into the manufacturing cycle. This category also includes recycled additives and other forms of recovered materials.
* '''Virgin Content''' – Materials sourced directly from natural resources (such as mined metals or harvested wood) that have not been previously used or processed. This includes raw materials and newly introduced additives.

=== Why Material Source Matters ===
Classifying material sources is not just about environmental responsibility—it's about building resilient supply chains and meeting regulatory requirements. By clearly identifying the origin of materials, organizations can:
* Enhance their sustainability profiles.
* Comply with international standards, regulations and certifications (e.g PPWD)
* Facilitate reporting to consumers and stakeholders on the recycled content of products.

== Material Source per Material Class ==
The following sections provide a standardized method for tracking and reporting material sources, categorized by [[Material_Class_-_TX|material class]]. This ensures consistent classification across polymers, paper, metals, textiles, ceramics, wood, glass, and other materials. The [[Value_unit_-_TX|value unit]] for the split is % (percentage).

{| class="wikitable"
! Material Source
! Glass
! Paper
! Metals
! Textiles
! Ceramics
! Wood
! Polymers
! Generic
|-
! colspan="9" | Recycled
|-
| Post Industrial (PIR)
| X
|
| X
| X
| X
| X
| X
| X
|-
| Post Consumer (PCR)
| X
|
| X
| X
| X
| X
| X
| X
|-
| Paper Fiber Post Industrial
|
| X
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| Paper Fiber Post Consumer
|
| X
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| Other
| X
| X
| X
| X
| X
| X
| X
| X
|-
! colspan="9" | Virgin
|-
| Paper Fiber
|
| X
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| Bio Renewable
|
|
|
| X
|
| X
| X
|
|-
| Mined Ore/Minerals
| X
|
| X
|
| X
|
|
|
|-
| Crude Oil
|
|
|
|
|
|
| X
|
|-
| Natural Gas
|
|
|
|
|
|
| X
|
|-
| Other
| X
| X
| X
| X
| X
| X
| X
| X
|}

===Chain of Custody Models for Recycled Content===

To verifiably track the percentage of Post-Consumer (PCR) and Post-Industrial (PIR) content through the supply chain, companies utilize standardized Chain of Custody (CoC) models, such as those defined in ISO 22095. The two most common models are Segregated and Mass Balance.
* The Segregated model ensures recycled material is kept physically separate from virgin material throughout the entire manufacturing process. * In contrast, the Mass Balance model is an accounting-based system that allows for the mixing of recycled and virgin feedstocks, while an auditable process tracks and allocates the total volume of recycled material to a portion of the final product output. While Segregation offers direct physical traceability, Mass Balance provides a critical, cost-effective pathway to scale the use of recycled content in complex industries like polymers.

== Norms related to material sources==

ISO and EN norms relevant to material sources that can apply across different material classes:
*'''ISO 14021''': Defines recycled content classifications, including Post Industrial (materials recovered from manufacturing) and Post Consumer (materials recovered after consumer use).
*'''ISO 18604''': Covers material recycling, particularly for packaging, including virgin materials like Crude-oil Derived and Mined Ore.
*'''EN 13432''': Focuses on bio-based materials, defining standards for Virgin Bio-based materials, typically for biodegradable packaging.

[[Category:Taxonomy]]

Material Source - TX

2025-11-10T10:35:38Z

HansdG: /* Material Source per Material Class */

As global industries shift towards more sustainable practices, tracking and classifying the material sources used in manufacturing has become critical. Understanding the origin of materials, whether recycled or virgin, is essential not only for environmental reporting but also for aligning with regulatory standards, such as ISO 14021 and ISO 18604, and industry-specific sustainability guidelines.

This document outlines a standardized framework for categorizing material sources, allowing manufacturers, suppliers, and partners to consistently track the environmental impact of materials used in products. This structure supports both transparency and compliance across various industries, offering a clear breakdown of materials by their source of origin.

== Key Material Source Categories ==

Materials Sources are broadly classified into two primary categories based on their origin:
* '''Recycled Content''' – Materials that have been recovered from post-industrial or post-consumer processes and reintroduced into the manufacturing cycle. This category also includes recycled additives and other forms of recovered materials.
* '''Virgin Content''' – Materials sourced directly from natural resources (such as mined metals or harvested wood) that have not been previously used or processed. This includes raw materials and newly introduced additives.

=== Why Material Source Matters ===
Classifying material sources is not just about environmental responsibility—it's about building resilient supply chains and meeting regulatory requirements. By clearly identifying the origin of materials, organizations can:
* Enhance their sustainability profiles.
* Comply with international standards, regulations and certifications (e.g PPWD)
* Facilitate reporting to consumers and stakeholders on the recycled content of products.

== Material Source per Material Class ==
The following sections provide a standardized method for tracking and reporting material sources, categorized by [[Material_Class_-_TX|material class]]. This ensures consistent classification across polymers, paper, metals, textiles, ceramics, wood, glass, and other materials. The [[Value_unit_-_TX|value unit]] for the split is % (percentage).

{| class="wikitable"
! Material Source
! Glass
! Paper
! Metals
! Textiles
! Ceramics
! Wood
! Polymers
! Generic
|-
! colspan="9" | Recycled
|-
| Post Industrial (PIR)
| X
|
| X
| X
| X
| X
| X
| X
|-
| Post Consumer (PCR)
| X
|
| X
| X
| X
| X
| X
| X
|-
| Paper Fiber Post Industrial
|
| X
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| Paper Fiber Post Consumer
|
| X
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| Other
| X
| X
| X
| X
| X
| X
| X
| X
|-
! colspan="9" | Virgin
|-
| Paper Fiber
|
| X
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| Bio Renewable
|
|
|
| X
|
| X
| X
|
|-
| Mined Ore/Minerals
| X
|
| X
|
| X
|
|
|
|-
| Crude Oil
|
|
|
|
|
|
| X
|
|-
| Natural Gas
|
|
|
|
|
|
| X
|
|-
| Other
| X
| X
| X
| X
| X
| X
| X
| X
|}

===Chain of Custody Models for Recycled Content===

To verifiably track the percentage of Post-Consumer (PCR) and Post-Industrial (PIR) content through the supply chain, companies utilize standardized Chain of Custody (CoC) models, such as those defined in ISO 22095. The two most common models are Segregated and Mass Balance. The Segregated model ensures recycled material is kept physically separate from virgin material throughout the entire manufacturing process. In contrast, the Mass Balance model is an accounting-based system that allows for the mixing of recycled and virgin feedstocks, while an auditable process tracks and allocates the total volume of recycled material to a portion of the final product output. While Segregation offers direct physical traceability, Mass Balance provides a critical, cost-effective pathway to scale the use of recycled content in complex industries like polymers.

== Norms related to material sources==

ISO and EN norms relevant to material sources that can apply across different material classes:
*'''ISO 14021''': Defines recycled content classifications, including Post Industrial (materials recovered from manufacturing) and Post Consumer (materials recovered after consumer use).
*'''ISO 18604''': Covers material recycling, particularly for packaging, including virgin materials like Crude-oil Derived and Mined Ore.
*'''EN 13432''': Focuses on bio-based materials, defining standards for Virgin Bio-based materials, typically for biodegradable packaging.

[[Category:Taxonomy]]

Material Source - TX

2025-11-10T10:25:49Z

HansdG: /* Material Source per Material Class */

As global industries shift towards more sustainable practices, tracking and classifying the material sources used in manufacturing has become critical. Understanding the origin of materials, whether recycled or virgin, is essential not only for environmental reporting but also for aligning with regulatory standards, such as ISO 14021 and ISO 18604, and industry-specific sustainability guidelines.

This document outlines a standardized framework for categorizing material sources, allowing manufacturers, suppliers, and partners to consistently track the environmental impact of materials used in products. This structure supports both transparency and compliance across various industries, offering a clear breakdown of materials by their source of origin.

== Key Material Source Categories ==

Materials Sources are broadly classified into two primary categories based on their origin:
* '''Recycled Content''' – Materials that have been recovered from post-industrial or post-consumer processes and reintroduced into the manufacturing cycle. This category also includes recycled additives and other forms of recovered materials.
* '''Virgin Content''' – Materials sourced directly from natural resources (such as mined metals or harvested wood) that have not been previously used or processed. This includes raw materials and newly introduced additives.

=== Why Material Source Matters ===
Classifying material sources is not just about environmental responsibility—it's about building resilient supply chains and meeting regulatory requirements. By clearly identifying the origin of materials, organizations can:
* Enhance their sustainability profiles.
* Comply with international standards, regulations and certifications (e.g PPWD)
* Facilitate reporting to consumers and stakeholders on the recycled content of products.

== Material Source per Material Class ==
The following sections provide a standardized method for tracking and reporting material sources, categorized by [[Material_Class_-_TX|material class]]. This ensures consistent classification across polymers, paper, metals, textiles, ceramics, wood, glass, and other materials. The [[Value_unit_-_TX|value unit]] for the split is % (percentage).

{| class="wikitable"
! Material Source
! Glass
! Paper
! Metals
! Textiles
! Ceramics
! Wood
! Polymers
! Generic
|-
! colspan="9" | Recycled
|-
| Post Industrial (PIR)
| X
|
| X
| X
| X
| X
| X
| X
|-
| Post Consumer (PCR)
| X
|
| X
| X
| X
| X
| X
| X
|-
| Paper Fiber Post Industrial
|
| X
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| Paper Fiber Post Consumer
|
| X
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| Other
| X
| X
| X
| X
| X
| X
| X
| X
|-
! colspan="9" | Virgin
|-
| Paper Fiber
|
| X
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| Bio Renewable
|
|
|
| X
|
| X
| X
|
|-
| Mined Ore/Minerals
| X
|
| X
|
| X
|
|
|
|-
| Crude Oil
|
|
|
|
|
|
| X
|
|-
| Natural Gas
|
|
|
|
|
|
| X
|
|-
| Other
| X
| X
| X
| X
| X
| X
| X
| X
|}

== Norms related to material sources==

ISO and EN norms relevant to material sources that can apply across different material classes:
*'''ISO 14021''': Defines recycled content classifications, including Post Industrial (materials recovered from manufacturing) and Post Consumer (materials recovered after consumer use).
*'''ISO 18604''': Covers material recycling, particularly for packaging, including virgin materials like Crude-oil Derived and Mined Ore.
*'''EN 13432''': Focuses on bio-based materials, defining standards for Virgin Bio-based materials, typically for biodegradable packaging.

[[Category:Taxonomy]]

Composite Packaging Materials - TX

2025-11-10T07:02:49Z

HansdG: /* Relation to Other IMDE Terms */

= Composite Packaging Materials =
'''Composite Packaging Materials''' are materials made of two or more different material types that are '''permanently bonded''' and '''cannot be separated manually''' without damaging the material.
They provide properties like barrier performance, sealing, or stiffness, but complicate sorting and recycling.

== Definition ==
According to the EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive (94/62/EC, Art. 3), composite packaging consists of different materials of which one forms an outer layer and one or more form inner layers.
In the IMDE model, this definition applies at the level of a '''Packaging Material''', not at the level of the complete packaging or the packaging element.

In IMDE terms:
''A composite packaging material is a single Packaging Material record that represents a permanently bonded structure of two or more materials, defined as Composite Materials (layers).''

== Relation to IMDE Hierarchy ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Level
! Description
|-
| Packaging System
| Complete packaging setup for a product (for example, bottle + cap + label + carton). May include both composite and mono-material elements.
|-
| Packaging Element
| A physical component of the system (for example, bottle, cap, trigger, label). An element can consist of one or more Packaging Materials.
|-
| Packaging Material
| The material used by an element. A Packaging Material can be mono-material or composite. A composite material is built from multiple Composite Material layers.
|-
| Composite Material
| A constituent layer within a composite Packaging Material, with its own material type, thickness or weight share.
|}

== Dominant Material (for EPR reporting and automation) ==
Composite is a structural description, not a fee class. For EPR reporting the composite must be declared under one material category using the '''dominant material''' rule, consistent with EU Decision 2005/270/EC.

'''Rule'''
* If one layer represents '''more than 50% of total weight''', that layer’s material is the '''Dominant Material'''.
* If no layer exceeds 50%, use the '''outermost layer''' as the Dominant Material.
* If neither can be determined, report under '''Other Materials'''.

'''Automation field guidance'''
* ''PackagingMaterial.DominantMaterialCode'' stores the resolved material type.
* ''PackagingMaterial.Composition[]'' stores each Composite Material layer with weight share or thickness.

'''Pseudo logic'''
<pre>
function ResolveDominantMaterial(composite):
if max(layer.weight_share) > 0.50:
return layer.material_of_max_share
else if composite.has_outer_layer:
return composite.outer_layer.material
else:
return OTHER_MATERIALS
</pre>

'''Edge cases'''
{| class="wikitable"
! Case
! Example
! Result
|-
| One layer > 50%
| Paper 60% + PE 40%
| Dominant = Paper → report as Paper & Cardboard
|-
| No layer > 50%, outer layer paper
| Paper 40% + Plastic 35% + Alu 25%
| Dominant = Paper (outer layer) → Paper & Cardboard
|-
| No layer > 50%, no clear outer layer
| Mixed textile polymer pouch
| Dominant not determinable → Other Materials
|}

== EPR Classification ==
Composite materials are '''not a separate EPR fee class'''.
Each composite is reported under the '''dominant material''' as defined above.

{| class="wikitable"
! Type of Composite
! Dominant Layer
! Typical EPR Fee Category
! Example
|-
| Paper, plastic, aluminium laminate
| Paper
| Drink Cartons (Composite)
| Tetra Pak, SIG Combibloc
|-
| Plastic multilayer (different polymers)
| Plastic
| Plastic – Rigid or Plastic – Flexible
| PET/PE tray, PE/PP film
|-
| Paper, plastic laminate (no aluminium)
| Paper or Plastic (by dominant rule)
| Paper & Cardboard or Plastic
| Paper bag with plastic window
|-
| Plastic, metal laminate
| Plastic
| Plastic – Flexible
| Metallized coffee pouch
|-
| Mixed, non-dominant, unclear
| –
| Other Materials
| Textile polymer mailer
|}

== Recyclability Impact ==
* Composite materials often hinder recyclability because layers cannot be separated into pure streams.
* Plastic composites with mixed polymer families (for example PET with PE, or PA barriers) or metallized layers are typically '''non-compliant''' for recyclability discounts.
* Paper based composites used as drink cartons can be collected and recycled in dedicated systems in some markets.

== Examples ==
* PET bottle with PE sealing layer and EVOH barrier
* Coffee pouch with PET, aluminium, and PE
* Paperboard carton with a plastic window
* Paper, aluminium, PE laminated drink carton

== Relation to Other IMDE Terms ==
* [[Packaging_Element_-_TX]]
* [[Packaging_Material_Classification_-_TX]]
* [[Polymers_-_TX]]

[[category:taxonomy]]
[[category:material classes]]

Composite Packaging Materials - TX

2025-11-10T06:57:56Z

HansdG:

= Composite Packaging Materials =
'''Composite Packaging Materials''' are materials made of two or more different material types that are '''permanently bonded''' and '''cannot be separated manually''' without damaging the material.
They provide properties like barrier performance, sealing, or stiffness, but complicate sorting and recycling.

== Definition ==
According to the EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive (94/62/EC, Art. 3), composite packaging consists of different materials of which one forms an outer layer and one or more form inner layers.
In the IMDE model, this definition applies at the level of a '''Packaging Material''', not at the level of the complete packaging or the packaging element.

In IMDE terms:
''A composite packaging material is a single Packaging Material record that represents a permanently bonded structure of two or more materials, defined as Composite Materials (layers).''

== Relation to IMDE Hierarchy ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Level
! Description
|-
| Packaging System
| Complete packaging setup for a product (for example, bottle + cap + label + carton). May include both composite and mono-material elements.
|-
| Packaging Element
| A physical component of the system (for example, bottle, cap, trigger, label). An element can consist of one or more Packaging Materials.
|-
| Packaging Material
| The material used by an element. A Packaging Material can be mono-material or composite. A composite material is built from multiple Composite Material layers.
|-
| Composite Material
| A constituent layer within a composite Packaging Material, with its own material type, thickness or weight share.
|}

== Dominant Material (for EPR reporting and automation) ==
Composite is a structural description, not a fee class. For EPR reporting the composite must be declared under one material category using the '''dominant material''' rule, consistent with EU Decision 2005/270/EC.

'''Rule'''
* If one layer represents '''more than 50% of total weight''', that layer’s material is the '''Dominant Material'''.
* If no layer exceeds 50%, use the '''outermost layer''' as the Dominant Material.
* If neither can be determined, report under '''Other Materials'''.

'''Automation field guidance'''
* ''PackagingMaterial.DominantMaterialCode'' stores the resolved material type.
* ''PackagingMaterial.Composition[]'' stores each Composite Material layer with weight share or thickness.

'''Pseudo logic'''
<pre>
function ResolveDominantMaterial(composite):
if max(layer.weight_share) > 0.50:
return layer.material_of_max_share
else if composite.has_outer_layer:
return composite.outer_layer.material
else:
return OTHER_MATERIALS
</pre>

'''Edge cases'''
{| class="wikitable"
! Case
! Example
! Result
|-
| One layer > 50%
| Paper 60% + PE 40%
| Dominant = Paper → report as Paper & Cardboard
|-
| No layer > 50%, outer layer paper
| Paper 40% + Plastic 35% + Alu 25%
| Dominant = Paper (outer layer) → Paper & Cardboard
|-
| No layer > 50%, no clear outer layer
| Mixed textile polymer pouch
| Dominant not determinable → Other Materials
|}

== EPR Classification ==
Composite materials are '''not a separate EPR fee class'''.
Each composite is reported under the '''dominant material''' as defined above.

{| class="wikitable"
! Type of Composite
! Dominant Layer
! Typical EPR Fee Category
! Example
|-
| Paper, plastic, aluminium laminate
| Paper
| Drink Cartons (Composite)
| Tetra Pak, SIG Combibloc
|-
| Plastic multilayer (different polymers)
| Plastic
| Plastic – Rigid or Plastic – Flexible
| PET/PE tray, PE/PP film
|-
| Paper, plastic laminate (no aluminium)
| Paper or Plastic (by dominant rule)
| Paper & Cardboard or Plastic
| Paper bag with plastic window
|-
| Plastic, metal laminate
| Plastic
| Plastic – Flexible
| Metallized coffee pouch
|-
| Mixed, non-dominant, unclear
| –
| Other Materials
| Textile polymer mailer
|}

== Recyclability Impact ==
* Composite materials often hinder recyclability because layers cannot be separated into pure streams.
* Plastic composites with mixed polymer families (for example PET with PE, or PA barriers) or metallized layers are typically '''non-compliant''' for recyclability discounts.
* Paper based composites used as drink cartons can be collected and recycled in dedicated systems in some markets.

== Examples ==
* PET bottle with PE sealing layer and EVOH barrier
* Coffee pouch with PET, aluminium, and PE
* Paperboard carton with a plastic window
* Paper, aluminium, PE laminated drink carton

== Relation to Other IMDE Terms ==
* [[taxonomy:Packaging Element]]
* [[taxonomy:Packaging Material]]
* [[taxonomy:Composite Material]]
* [[taxonomy:Material Classes]]
* [[taxonomy:Polymer]]

[[category:taxonomy]]
[[category:material classes]]

Composite Packaging Materials - TX

2025-11-10T06:52:06Z

HansdG:

= Composite Packaging Materials =
'''Composite Packaging Materials''' are materials made of two or more different material types that are '''permanently bonded''' and '''cannot be separated manually''' without damaging the material.
They are designed to provide specific technical properties such as strength, barrier performance, or sealing, but they complicate sorting and recycling.

== Definition ==
According to the EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive (94/62/EC, Art. 3), composite packaging is made of different materials of which one forms an outer layer and one or more form inner layers.
In the IMDE model, this definition applies to the level of a '''Packaging Material''', not to the entire packaging or packaging element.

In IMDE terms:
''A composite packaging material is a single Packaging Material record that represents a permanently bonded structure of two or more materials, referred to as Composite Materials.''

== Relation to IMDE Hierarchy ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Level
! Description
|-
| Packaging System
| Represents the full product packaging setup (for example, bottle + cap + label + carton). May include both composite and mono-material elements.
|-
| Packaging Element
| A physical component of the system (for example, bottle, cap, trigger, label). Each element can consist of one or more Packaging Materials.
|-
| Packaging Material
| The layer or substance defining the material composition of an element. A Packaging Material can be either mono-material or composite (multi-material). Composite materials may consist of several Composite Material layers (for example, PET + EVOH + PE).
|-
| Composite Material
| Defines each layer or constituent within a composite Packaging Material, with its own material type, thickness, or weight share.
|}

== EPR Classification ==
Composite materials are '''not a separate EPR fee class'''.
Each composite must be reported under the '''dominant material type''' or, when no dominant material exists, under '''Other Materials'''.

{| class="wikitable"
! Type of Composite
! Dominant Layer
! Typical EPR Fee Category
! Example
|-
| Paper / Plastic / Aluminium laminate
| Paper
| Drink Cartons (Composite)
| Tetra Pak, SIG Combibloc
|-
| Plastic / Plastic multilayer (different polymers)
| Plastic
| Plastic – Rigid or Plastic – Flexible
| PET/PE tray, PE/PP film
|-
| Paper / Plastic laminate (no aluminium)
| Paper or Plastic (depending on weight)
| Paper & Cardboard or Plastic
| Paper bag with plastic window
|-
| Plastic / Metal laminate
| Plastic
| Plastic – Flexible
| Metallized coffee pouch
|-
| Mixed / Non-dominant (unclear main layer)
| –
| Other Materials
| Textile-polymer mailer bag
|}

== Recyclability Impact ==
* Composite materials often hinder recyclability because they cannot be separated into pure streams.
* Plastic composites containing different polymer families (for example, PET/PE) or barrier layers (for example, EVOH, PA, Al) are classified as '''non-compliant''' for recyclability discounts.
* Paper-based composites (Drink Cartons) have dedicated collection and recycling in some EU markets.

== Examples ==
* PET bottle with PE sealing layer and EVOH barrier (plastic composite)
* Coffee pouch (PET/Alu/PE)
* Paperboard carton with plastic window
* Paper/Alu/PE laminated drink carton (classified as ''Drink Carton'')

== Relation to Other IMDE Terms ==
* [[taxonomy:Packaging Element]] – component that uses one or more materials, including composites.
* [[taxonomy:Packaging Material]] – level where composite structure is modelled.
* [[taxonomy:Composite Material]] – sub-records defining each layer within a composite material.
* [[taxonomy:Material Classes]] – identifies the dominant material family used for EPR reporting.
* [[taxonomy:Polymer]] – for polymer-based composites and barriers.

[[category:taxonomy]]

Composite Packaging Materials - TX

2025-11-10T06:49:01Z

HansdG: /* Composite Packaging Materials */

= Composite Packaging Materials =
'''Composite Packaging Materials''' are packaging materials made of two or more different material types that are ''permanently combined'' and ''cannot be separated manually'' without damaging the structure.
Composites typically serve a technical purpose such as barrier protection, sealing, or rigidity, but they complicate sorting and recycling.

== Definition ==
According to the EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive (94/62/EC, Art. 3), composite packaging consists of different materials of which one forms an outer layer and one or more form inner layers.
In the IMDE interpretation, this definition applies at the level of a ''Packaging Material'' or ''Packaging Element'', not at the level of the complete packaging unit or system.

> In IMDE terms:
> *A composite packaging material is a single Packaging Material record representing a permanently bonded structure of two or more materials.*

== Relation to IMDE Hierarchy ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Level
! Role in composite definition
|-
| Packaging System
| May contain several Packaging Elements (not necessarily composites)
|-
| Packaging Element
| Can be composite (e.g. bottle wall with multilayer barrier)
|-
| Packaging Material
| Represents the actual composite material (e.g. PET/PE, Paper/Alu/PE)
|}

== EPR Classification ==
Composite materials are **not a separate EPR fee class**.
Each composite must be reported under the **dominant material type** or, when this cannot be determined, under **Other Materials**.

{| class="wikitable"
! Type of Composite
! Dominant Layer
! Typical EPR Fee Category
! Example
|-
| Paper / Plastic / Aluminium laminate
| Paper
| Drink Cartons (Composite)
| Tetra Pak, SIG Combibloc
|-
| Plastic / Plastic multilayer (different polymers)
| Plastic
| Plastic – Rigid or Plastic – Flexible
| PET/PE tray, PE/PP film
|-
| Paper / Plastic laminate (no aluminium)
| Paper or Plastic (depending on weight)
| Paper & Cardboard or Plastic
| Paper bag with plastic window
|-
| Plastic / Metal laminate
| Plastic
| Plastic – Flexible
| Metallized coffee pouch
|-
| Mixed / Non-dominant (unclear main layer)
| –
| Other Materials
| Textile-polymer mailer bag
|}

== Recyclability Impact ==
* Composite materials often hinder recyclability because they cannot be separated into pure streams.
* Plastic composites with mixed polymer families (e.g. PET/PE) or barrier layers (e.g. EVOH, PA, Al) are classified as **non-compliant** for recyclability discounts.
* Paper-based composites (Drink Cartons) have dedicated collection and recycling in some EU markets.

== Examples ==
* PET bottle with PE sealing layer and EVOH barrier (plastic composite)
* Coffee pouch (PET/Alu/PE)
* Paperboard carton with plastic window
* Paper/Alu/PE laminated drink carton (classified as *Drink Carton*)

== Relation to Other IMDE Terms ==
* [[Packaging_Element_-_TX]] – a packaging component that may be composite.
* [[Packaging_Material_Classification_-_TXl]] – for identifying the dominant material type used for EPR reporting.
* [[Polymers_-_TX]] – for polymer-based composites.

[[category:taxonomy]]

Composite Packaging Materials - TX

2025-11-10T06:48:05Z

HansdG: Created page with "= Composite Packaging Materials = '''Composite Packaging Materials''' are packaging materials made of two or more different material types that are **permanently combined** and **cannot be separated manually** without damaging the structure. Composites typically serve a technical purpose such as barrier protection, sealing, or rigidity, but they complicate sorting and recycling. == Definition == According to the EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive (94/62/EC, Ar..."

= Composite Packaging Materials =
'''Composite Packaging Materials''' are packaging materials made of two or more different material types that are **permanently combined** and **cannot be separated manually** without damaging the structure.
Composites typically serve a technical purpose such as barrier protection, sealing, or rigidity, but they complicate sorting and recycling.

== Definition ==
According to the EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive (94/62/EC, Art. 3), composite packaging consists of different materials of which one forms an outer layer and one or more form inner layers.
In the IMDE interpretation, this definition applies at the level of a **Packaging Material** or **Packaging Element**, not at the level of the complete packaging unit or system.

> In IMDE terms:
> *A composite packaging material is a single Packaging Material record representing a permanently bonded structure of two or more materials.*

== Relation to IMDE Hierarchy ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Level
! Role in composite definition
|-
| Packaging System
| May contain several Packaging Elements (not necessarily composites)
|-
| Packaging Element
| Can be composite (e.g. bottle wall with multilayer barrier)
|-
| Packaging Material
| Represents the actual composite material (e.g. PET/PE, Paper/Alu/PE)
|}

== EPR Classification ==
Composite materials are **not a separate EPR fee class**.
Each composite must be reported under the **dominant material type** or, when this cannot be determined, under **Other Materials**.

{| class="wikitable"
! Type of Composite
! Dominant Layer
! Typical EPR Fee Category
! Example
|-
| Paper / Plastic / Aluminium laminate
| Paper
| Drink Cartons (Composite)
| Tetra Pak, SIG Combibloc
|-
| Plastic / Plastic multilayer (different polymers)
| Plastic
| Plastic – Rigid or Plastic – Flexible
| PET/PE tray, PE/PP film
|-
| Paper / Plastic laminate (no aluminium)
| Paper or Plastic (depending on weight)
| Paper & Cardboard or Plastic
| Paper bag with plastic window
|-
| Plastic / Metal laminate
| Plastic
| Plastic – Flexible
| Metallized coffee pouch
|-
| Mixed / Non-dominant (unclear main layer)
| –
| Other Materials
| Textile-polymer mailer bag
|}

== Recyclability Impact ==
* Composite materials often hinder recyclability because they cannot be separated into pure streams.
* Plastic composites with mixed polymer families (e.g. PET/PE) or barrier layers (e.g. EVOH, PA, Al) are classified as **non-compliant** for recyclability discounts.
* Paper-based composites (Drink Cartons) have dedicated collection and recycling in some EU markets.

== Examples ==
* PET bottle with PE sealing layer and EVOH barrier (plastic composite)
* Coffee pouch (PET/Alu/PE)
* Paperboard carton with plastic window
* Paper/Alu/PE laminated drink carton (classified as *Drink Carton*)

== Relation to Other IMDE Terms ==
* [[Packaging_Element_-_TX]] – a packaging component that may be composite.
* [[Packaging_Material_Classification_-_TXl]] – for identifying the dominant material type used for EPR reporting.
* [[Polymers_-_TX]] – for polymer-based composites.

[[category:taxonomy]]

Polymers - TX

2025-11-10T06:24:32Z

HansdG: /* See also */

= Polymer =
'''Polymer''' refers to macromolecular materials composed of long-chain repeating units (monomers) that can be shaped, moulded, or cast into packaging components.
Polymers represent one of the most important material classes in packaging and can behave either as traditional plastics or as functional elastomers, foams, or coatings.

Under Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) regulations, polymers are divided into two groups based on their treatment in collection, sorting, and recycling systems:

* [[#Polymer – Plastic|Polymer – Plastic]] → treated as plastics under EPR.
* [[#Polymer – Non-Plastic|Polymer – Non-Plastic]] → declared as other materials.

== Definition ==
Polymers are chemical compounds formed by polymerisation of monomers.
In packaging they serve as structural, protective, or decorative materials and may include both fossil-based and bio-based origins.

== Classification in IMDE ==
In the IMDE taxonomy, Polymer is a top-level material class with two subclasses:

* '''Polymer – Plastic''': materials that fall under plastic EPR categories and are part of circularity streams such as Rigid PET or Flexible PE-PP.
* '''Polymer – Non-Plastic''': materials chemically polymers but not classed as plastics for EPR (e.g. rubber, silicone, polyurethane, epoxy).

== Polymer – Plastic ==
'''Polymer – Plastic''' covers all thermoplastic and thermoset materials used as plastics in packaging.
They are subject to EPR plastic fees and recyclability modulation (e.g. Verpact NL discounts, UK RAM bands).

=== Examples ===
PE, PP, PET, PS, PVC, PLA, PHA, PA, PC, PMMA, ABS, EVOH (barrier), EPS, XPS, BOPP, APET, CPET.

=== EPR Classification ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Region
! Fee Category
! Typical 2025 Tariff
|-
| Netherlands (Verpact)
| Plastic – Rigid / Plastic – Flexible
| € 1.22 / kg – € 1.32 / kg
|-
| France (CITEO)
| Plastique rigide / souple
| ~€ 1.20 / kg
|-
| Germany (ZSVR)
| Kunststoffverpackung
| ~€ 1.10 – 1.30 / kg
|-
| UK (PackUK)
| Plastic
| £ 423 / t
|}

== Polymer – Non-Plastic ==
'''Polymer – Non-Plastic''' covers polymers and elastomers that are chemically polymers but not considered plastics under EPR.
They are reported as *Other Materials* and excluded from recyclability discount schemes.

=== Examples ===
Natural rubber, synthetic rubber, polyurethane (PU) foam, epoxy resin, silicone rubber, latex.

=== EPR Classification ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Region
! Fee Category
! Typical 2025 Tariff
|-
| Netherlands (Verpact)
| Other Materials
| € 0.015 / kg
|-
| France (CITEO)
| Other Materials
| ~€ 0.015 / kg
|-
| Germany (ZSVR)
| Other Packaging Material
| ~€ 0.015 – 0.020 / kg
|-
| UK (PackUK)
| Other Material Category
| £ 259 / t
|}

== See also ==
* [[Circularity_Streams_-_TX]]
* [[Material_Class_-_TX]]
* [[EPR_(Extended_Producer_Responsibility)_-_TX]]

[[category:taxonomy]]

Polymers - TX

2025-11-10T06:23:42Z

HansdG: /* Classification in IMDE */

= Polymer =
'''Polymer''' refers to macromolecular materials composed of long-chain repeating units (monomers) that can be shaped, moulded, or cast into packaging components.
Polymers represent one of the most important material classes in packaging and can behave either as traditional plastics or as functional elastomers, foams, or coatings.

Under Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) regulations, polymers are divided into two groups based on their treatment in collection, sorting, and recycling systems:

* [[#Polymer – Plastic|Polymer – Plastic]] → treated as plastics under EPR.
* [[#Polymer – Non-Plastic|Polymer – Non-Plastic]] → declared as other materials.

== Definition ==
Polymers are chemical compounds formed by polymerisation of monomers.
In packaging they serve as structural, protective, or decorative materials and may include both fossil-based and bio-based origins.

== Classification in IMDE ==
In the IMDE taxonomy, Polymer is a top-level material class with two subclasses:

* '''Polymer – Plastic''': materials that fall under plastic EPR categories and are part of circularity streams such as Rigid PET or Flexible PE-PP.
* '''Polymer – Non-Plastic''': materials chemically polymers but not classed as plastics for EPR (e.g. rubber, silicone, polyurethane, epoxy).

== Polymer – Plastic ==
'''Polymer – Plastic''' covers all thermoplastic and thermoset materials used as plastics in packaging.
They are subject to EPR plastic fees and recyclability modulation (e.g. Verpact NL discounts, UK RAM bands).

=== Examples ===
PE, PP, PET, PS, PVC, PLA, PHA, PA, PC, PMMA, ABS, EVOH (barrier), EPS, XPS, BOPP, APET, CPET.

=== EPR Classification ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Region
! Fee Category
! Typical 2025 Tariff
|-
| Netherlands (Verpact)
| Plastic – Rigid / Plastic – Flexible
| € 1.22 / kg – € 1.32 / kg
|-
| France (CITEO)
| Plastique rigide / souple
| ~€ 1.20 / kg
|-
| Germany (ZSVR)
| Kunststoffverpackung
| ~€ 1.10 – 1.30 / kg
|-
| UK (PackUK)
| Plastic
| £ 423 / t
|}

== Polymer – Non-Plastic ==
'''Polymer – Non-Plastic''' covers polymers and elastomers that are chemically polymers but not considered plastics under EPR.
They are reported as *Other Materials* and excluded from recyclability discount schemes.

=== Examples ===
Natural rubber, synthetic rubber, polyurethane (PU) foam, epoxy resin, silicone rubber, latex.

=== EPR Classification ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Region
! Fee Category
! Typical 2025 Tariff
|-
| Netherlands (Verpact)
| Other Materials
| € 0.015 / kg
|-
| France (CITEO)
| Other Materials
| ~€ 0.015 / kg
|-
| Germany (ZSVR)
| Other Packaging Material
| ~€ 0.015 – 0.020 / kg
|-
| UK (PackUK)
| Other Material Category
| £ 259 / t
|}

== See also ==
* [[taxonomy:Circularity_Streams_-_TX]]
* [[taxonomy:Material_Class_-_TX]]
* [[taxonomy:EPR_(Extended_Producer_Responsibility)_-_TX]]

[[category:taxonomy]]

Polymers - TX

2025-11-10T06:22:45Z

HansdG: /* Relation to IMDE */

= Polymer =
'''Polymer''' refers to macromolecular materials composed of long-chain repeating units (monomers) that can be shaped, moulded, or cast into packaging components.
Polymers represent one of the most important material classes in packaging and can behave either as traditional plastics or as functional elastomers, foams, or coatings.

Under Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) regulations, polymers are divided into two groups based on their treatment in collection, sorting, and recycling systems:

* [[#Polymer – Plastic|Polymer – Plastic]] → treated as plastics under EPR.
* [[#Polymer – Non-Plastic|Polymer – Non-Plastic]] → declared as other materials.

== Definition ==
Polymers are chemical compounds formed by polymerisation of monomers.
In packaging they serve as structural, protective, or decorative materials and may include both fossil-based and bio-based origins.

== Classification in IMDE ==
In the IMDE taxonomy, *Polymer* is a top-level material class with two subclasses:

* **Polymer – Plastic**: materials that fall under plastic EPR categories and are part of circularity streams such as Rigid PET or Flexible PE-PP.
* **Polymer – Non-Plastic**: materials chemically polymers but not classed as plastics for EPR (e.g. rubber, silicone, polyurethane, epoxy).

== Polymer – Plastic ==
'''Polymer – Plastic''' covers all thermoplastic and thermoset materials used as plastics in packaging.
They are subject to EPR plastic fees and recyclability modulation (e.g. Verpact NL discounts, UK RAM bands).

=== Examples ===
PE, PP, PET, PS, PVC, PLA, PHA, PA, PC, PMMA, ABS, EVOH (barrier), EPS, XPS, BOPP, APET, CPET.

=== EPR Classification ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Region
! Fee Category
! Typical 2025 Tariff
|-
| Netherlands (Verpact)
| Plastic – Rigid / Plastic – Flexible
| € 1.22 / kg – € 1.32 / kg
|-
| France (CITEO)
| Plastique rigide / souple
| ~€ 1.20 / kg
|-
| Germany (ZSVR)
| Kunststoffverpackung
| ~€ 1.10 – 1.30 / kg
|-
| UK (PackUK)
| Plastic
| £ 423 / t
|}

== Polymer – Non-Plastic ==
'''Polymer – Non-Plastic''' covers polymers and elastomers that are chemically polymers but not considered plastics under EPR.
They are reported as *Other Materials* and excluded from recyclability discount schemes.

=== Examples ===
Natural rubber, synthetic rubber, polyurethane (PU) foam, epoxy resin, silicone rubber, latex.

=== EPR Classification ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Region
! Fee Category
! Typical 2025 Tariff
|-
| Netherlands (Verpact)
| Other Materials
| € 0.015 / kg
|-
| France (CITEO)
| Other Materials
| ~€ 0.015 / kg
|-
| Germany (ZSVR)
| Other Packaging Material
| ~€ 0.015 – 0.020 / kg
|-
| UK (PackUK)
| Other Material Category
| £ 259 / t
|}

== See also ==
* [[taxonomy:Circularity_Streams_-_TX]]
* [[taxonomy:Material_Class_-_TX]]
* [[taxonomy:EPR_(Extended_Producer_Responsibility)_-_TX]]

[[category:taxonomy]]

Polymers - TX

2025-11-10T06:22:25Z

HansdG:

= Polymer =
'''Polymer''' refers to macromolecular materials composed of long-chain repeating units (monomers) that can be shaped, moulded, or cast into packaging components.
Polymers represent one of the most important material classes in packaging and can behave either as traditional plastics or as functional elastomers, foams, or coatings.

Under Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) regulations, polymers are divided into two groups based on their treatment in collection, sorting, and recycling systems:

* [[#Polymer – Plastic|Polymer – Plastic]] → treated as plastics under EPR.
* [[#Polymer – Non-Plastic|Polymer – Non-Plastic]] → declared as other materials.

== Definition ==
Polymers are chemical compounds formed by polymerisation of monomers.
In packaging they serve as structural, protective, or decorative materials and may include both fossil-based and bio-based origins.

== Classification in IMDE ==
In the IMDE taxonomy, *Polymer* is a top-level material class with two subclasses:

* **Polymer – Plastic**: materials that fall under plastic EPR categories and are part of circularity streams such as Rigid PET or Flexible PE-PP.
* **Polymer – Non-Plastic**: materials chemically polymers but not classed as plastics for EPR (e.g. rubber, silicone, polyurethane, epoxy).

== Polymer – Plastic ==
'''Polymer – Plastic''' covers all thermoplastic and thermoset materials used as plastics in packaging.
They are subject to EPR plastic fees and recyclability modulation (e.g. Verpact NL discounts, UK RAM bands).

=== Examples ===
PE, PP, PET, PS, PVC, PLA, PHA, PA, PC, PMMA, ABS, EVOH (barrier), EPS, XPS, BOPP, APET, CPET.

=== EPR Classification ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Region
! Fee Category
! Typical 2025 Tariff
|-
| Netherlands (Verpact)
| Plastic – Rigid / Plastic – Flexible
| € 1.22 / kg – € 1.32 / kg
|-
| France (CITEO)
| Plastique rigide / souple
| ~€ 1.20 / kg
|-
| Germany (ZSVR)
| Kunststoffverpackung
| ~€ 1.10 – 1.30 / kg
|-
| UK (PackUK)
| Plastic
| £ 423 / t
|}

=== Relation to IMDE ===
* Connected to [[taxonomy:Circularity Streams]] for recyclability evaluation.
* Field **FormType** = Rigid or Flexible determines EPR rate and discount eligibility.
* Eligible for recyclability discounts (e.g. Colour, Mono-Material, Decorations).

== Polymer – Non-Plastic ==
'''Polymer – Non-Plastic''' covers polymers and elastomers that are chemically polymers but not considered plastics under EPR.
They are reported as *Other Materials* and excluded from recyclability discount schemes.

=== Examples ===
Natural rubber, synthetic rubber, polyurethane (PU) foam, epoxy resin, silicone rubber, latex.

=== EPR Classification ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Region
! Fee Category
! Typical 2025 Tariff
|-
| Netherlands (Verpact)
| Other Materials
| € 0.015 / kg
|-
| France (CITEO)
| Other Materials
| ~€ 0.015 / kg
|-
| Germany (ZSVR)
| Other Packaging Material
| ~€ 0.015 – 0.020 / kg
|-
| UK (PackUK)
| Other Material Category
| £ 259 / t
|}

== See also ==
* [[taxonomy:Circularity_Streams_-_TX]]
* [[taxonomy:Material_Class_-_TX]]
* [[taxonomy:EPR_(Extended_Producer_Responsibility)_-_TX]]

[[category:taxonomy]]

Polymers - TX

2025-11-10T06:19:13Z

HansdG: Created page with "= Polymer = '''Polymer''' refers to macromolecular materials composed of long-chain repeating units (monomers) that can be shaped, moulded, or cast into packaging components. Polymers represent one of the most important material classes in packaging and can behave either as traditional plastics or as functional elastomers, foams, or coatings. Under Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) regulations, polymers are divided into two groups based on their treatment in coll..."

= Polymer =
'''Polymer''' refers to macromolecular materials composed of long-chain repeating units (monomers) that can be shaped, moulded, or cast into packaging components.
Polymers represent one of the most important material classes in packaging and can behave either as traditional plastics or as functional elastomers, foams, or coatings.

Under Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) regulations, polymers are divided into two groups based on their treatment in collection, sorting, and recycling systems:

* [[#Polymer – Plastic|Polymer – Plastic]] → treated as plastics under EPR.
* [[#Polymer – Non-Plastic|Polymer – Non-Plastic]] → declared as other materials.

== Definition ==
Polymers are chemical compounds formed by polymerisation of monomers.
In packaging they serve as structural, protective, or decorative materials and may include both fossil-based and bio-based origins.

== Classification in IMDE ==
In the IMDE taxonomy, *Polymer* is a top-level material class with two subclasses:

* **Polymer – Plastic**: materials that fall under plastic EPR categories and are part of circularity streams such as Rigid PET or Flexible PE-PP.
* **Polymer – Non-Plastic**: materials chemically polymers but not classed as plastics for EPR (e.g. rubber, silicone, polyurethane, epoxy).

== Polymer – Plastic ==
'''Polymer – Plastic''' covers all thermoplastic and thermoset materials used as plastics in packaging.
They are subject to EPR plastic fees and recyclability modulation (e.g. Verpact NL discounts, UK RAM bands).

=== Examples ===
PE, PP, PET, PS, PVC, PLA, PHA, PA, PC, PMMA, ABS, EVOH (barrier), EPS, XPS, BOPP, APET, CPET.

=== EPR Classification ===
| Region | Fee Category | Typical 2025 Tariff |
|---------|---------------|--------------------|
| Netherlands (Verpact) | Plastic – Rigid / Plastic – Flexible | € 1.22 / kg – € 1.32 / kg |
| France (CITEO) | Plastique rigide / souple | ~€ 1.20 / kg |
| Germany (ZSVR) | Kunststoffverpackung | ~€ 1.10–1.30 / kg |
| UK (PackUK) | Plastic | £ 423 / t |

=== Relation to IMDE ===
* Connected to [[taxonomy:Circularity Streams]] for recyclability evaluation.
* Field **FormType** = Rigid or Flexible determines EPR rate and discount eligibility.
* Eligible for recyclability discounts (e.g. Colour, Mono-Material, Decorations).

== Polymer – Non-Plastic ==
'''Polymer – Non-Plastic''' covers polymers and elastomers that are chemically polymers but not considered plastics under EPR.
They are reported as *Other Materials* and excluded from recyclability discount schemes.

=== Examples ===
Natural rubber, synthetic rubber, polyurethane (PU) foam, epoxy resin, silicone rubber, latex.

=== EPR Classification ===
| Region | Fee Category | Typical 2025 Tariff |
|---------|---------------|--------------------|
| Netherlands (Verpact) | Other Materials | € 0.015 / kg |
| France (CITEO) | Other Materials | ~€ 0.015 / kg |
| Germany (ZSVR) | Other Packaging Material | ~€ 0.015–0.020 / kg |
| UK (PackUK) | Other Material Category | £ 259 / t |

=== Relation to IMDE ===
* Belongs to the *Other Materials* circularity stream (no plastic stream).
* Included in total EPR weight reporting.
* Not eligible for plastic recyclability modulation.

== See also ==
* [[taxonomy:Circularity Streams]]
* [[taxonomy:Material Classes]]
* [[taxonomy:EPR Categories]]

[[category:taxonomy]]
[[category:material classes]]

Circularity Streams - TX

2025-11-07T14:37:58Z

HansdG: /* Hierarchy Overview */

= Circularity Streams =
'''Circularity Streams''' describe the pathways through which packaging and products move after use, from collection to sorting and recycling (and potentially reuse or recovery).

Each Circularity Stream represents a stage in the circular flow of materials and defines the interfaces between collection systems, sorting operations, and recycling processes within a given market.

Circularity Streams are used in the IMDE Information Model to harmonize how materials are captured, separated, and re-entered into the economy.
They provide a consistent taxonomy across countries, enabling alignment with Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR), recyclability assessments, and lifecycle reporting.

== Sub-Streams ==
=== Collection Stream ===
The '''Collection Stream''' represents what citizens, businesses, or organizations place in the same collection bin or bag for waste and recycling purposes within a specific market.

It reflects the front-end collection system used in that country or region (for example, PMD in the Netherlands, Leichtverpackungen in Germany, or Kerbside Plastic Packaging in the UK).

A Collection Stream is the starting point for the circularity process and determines which Sorting Streams the collected materials will later be separated into.

=== Sorting Stream ===
The '''Sorting Stream''' represents the output fraction produced by a sorting or separation facility from a given Collection Stream.

It defines the material-specific monostreams that are ready for recycling, such as ''Rigid PET'', ''Rigid PP'', ''Rigid HDPE'', or ''Flexible PE/PP (polyolefin film)''.

Sorting Streams are aligned with the target material families used in recyclability assessments (for example, Verpact NL, OPRL UK, CITEO FR).
In the IMDE model, each TAU (Throw-Away Unit) is assigned to a target Sorting Stream based on its composition, enabling recyclability scoring and EPR fee differentiation.

=== Recycling Stream ===
The '''Recycling Stream''' represents the material fraction that enters a recycling or reprocessing facility as a consistent feedstock.

It defines the output of the sorting process that is actually recycled into secondary raw material, such as ''rPET-bottle-grade'', ''rHDPE-natural'', ''rPP'', or ''PO-flex''.

Each Recycling Stream is linked to one or more Sorting Streams, as several sorting outputs can feed the same recycling process.
Recycling Streams are essential for tracking material circularity, LCA impact (recycled content and yield), and EPR performance reporting.

== Hierarchy Overview ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Level
! Definition
! Example (NL)
|-
| '''Collection Stream'''
| What bin systems collect.
| [[PMD_(Plastics_–_Metals_–_Drink_cartons)_-_TX|PMD]] Plastics
|-
| '''Sorting Stream'''
| What sorting plants separate.
| Rigid PET / Rigid PP / Flexible PE-PP
|-
| '''Recycling Stream'''
| What reprocessors recycle into new raw material.
| rPET-bottle / rHDPE-natural / PO-flex
|}

== See also ==
* [[taxonomy:Material Family]]
* [[taxonomy:Target Material Family]]
* [[taxonomy:Disposal Unit]]
* [[taxonomy:Market]]

[[category:taxonomy]]

PMD (Plastics – Metals – Drink cartons) - TX

2025-11-07T14:37:02Z

HansdG: /* Relation to the IMDE Model */

= PMD (Plastics, Metals, Drink Cartons) =
'''PMD''' stands for '''Plastics, Metals, and Drink Cartons'''.
It is the standard household '''Collection Stream''' used in the Netherlands for the separate collection of lightweight packaging waste.

PMD is the entry point of the circularity process for many consumer packaging materials.
It combines multiple material types in one bin or bag, which are later separated into individual '''Sorting Streams''' such as plastics, metals, and beverage cartons.

== Definition ==
'''PMD''' refers to all packaging items made of plastic, metal, or beverage carton materials that are collected together for recycling through municipal waste systems in the Netherlands.

== Composition ==
The PMD Collection Stream typically includes:

{| class="wikitable"
! Material Type
! Examples
|-
| '''Plastics'''
| Bottles, trays, tubs, pots, pouches, films, caps, and cups
|-
| '''Metals'''
| Steel and aluminium cans, tins, foil trays
|-
| '''Drink Cartons'''
| Beverage cartons such as Tetra Pak
|}

Items that are not packaging (e.g., plastic toys, buckets, or garden products) are excluded from PMD, even if they are made of plastic.

== Sorting and Recycling ==
After collection, PMD is sent to automated sorting facilities.
These facilities separate PMD into dedicated '''Sorting Streams''' such as:

* '''Rigid PET''' (bottles and trays)
* '''Rigid PE (HDPE)'''
* '''Rigid PP'''
* '''Flexible Polyolefin (PE/PP films)'''
* '''Steel''' and '''Aluminium'''
* '''Drink Cartons'''

Each of these Sorting Streams can then be processed further into a specific '''Recycling Stream''' (for example, ''rPET-bottle-grade'', ''rHDPE-natural'', ''rPP'', or ''PO-flex'').

== Notes ==
* PMD systems were introduced in the Netherlands to harmonize lightweight packaging collection and improve plastic packaging recycling rates.
* The PMD abbreviation is unique to the Dutch context, but similar mixed-collection systems exist elsewhere in Europe under different names (e.g., ''Leichtverpackungen'' in Germany or ''Kerbside Plastics'' in the UK).

[[category:taxonomy]]

PMD (Plastics – Metals – Drink cartons) - TX

2025-11-07T14:36:48Z

HansdG: Created page with "= PMD (Plastics, Metals, Drink Cartons) = '''PMD''' stands for '''Plastics, Metals, and Drink Cartons'''. It is the standard household '''Collection Stream''' used in the Netherlands for the separate collection of lightweight packaging waste. PMD is the entry point of the circularity process for many consumer packaging materials. It combines multiple material types in one bin or bag, which are later separated into individual '''Sorting Streams''' such as plastics, m..."

= PMD (Plastics, Metals, Drink Cartons) =
'''PMD''' stands for '''Plastics, Metals, and Drink Cartons'''.
It is the standard household '''Collection Stream''' used in the Netherlands for the separate collection of lightweight packaging waste.

PMD is the entry point of the circularity process for many consumer packaging materials.
It combines multiple material types in one bin or bag, which are later separated into individual '''Sorting Streams''' such as plastics, metals, and beverage cartons.

== Definition ==
'''PMD''' refers to all packaging items made of plastic, metal, or beverage carton materials that are collected together for recycling through municipal waste systems in the Netherlands.

== Composition ==
The PMD Collection Stream typically includes:

{| class="wikitable"
! Material Type
! Examples
|-
| '''Plastics'''
| Bottles, trays, tubs, pots, pouches, films, caps, and cups
|-
| '''Metals'''
| Steel and aluminium cans, tins, foil trays
|-
| '''Drink Cartons'''
| Beverage cartons such as Tetra Pak
|}

Items that are not packaging (e.g., plastic toys, buckets, or garden products) are excluded from PMD, even if they are made of plastic.

== Sorting and Recycling ==
After collection, PMD is sent to automated sorting facilities.
These facilities separate PMD into dedicated '''Sorting Streams''' such as:

* '''Rigid PET''' (bottles and trays)
* '''Rigid PE (HDPE)'''
* '''Rigid PP'''
* '''Flexible Polyolefin (PE/PP films)'''
* '''Steel''' and '''Aluminium'''
* '''Drink Cartons'''

Each of these Sorting Streams can then be processed further into a specific '''Recycling Stream''' (for example, ''rPET-bottle-grade'', ''rHDPE-natural'', ''rPP'', or ''PO-flex'').

== Relation to the IMDE Model ==
In the IMDE Information Model, PMD is represented as a **Collection Stream** within the broader [[taxonomy:Circularity Streams|Circularity Streams]] taxonomy.

* **Market:** NL
* **Collection Stream:** PMD Plastics
* **Sorting Streams:** Rigid PET / Rigid PP / Rigid PE / Flexible PE-PP
* **Recycling Streams:** rPET-bottle / rHDPE-natural / rPP / PO-flex

== Notes ==
* PMD systems were introduced in the Netherlands to harmonize lightweight packaging collection and improve plastic packaging recycling rates.
* The PMD abbreviation is unique to the Dutch context, but similar mixed-collection systems exist elsewhere in Europe under different names (e.g., ''Leichtverpackungen'' in Germany or ''Kerbside Plastics'' in the UK).

[[category:taxonomy]]

Circularity Streams - TX

2025-11-07T14:19:25Z

HansdG: Created page with "= Circularity Streams = '''Circularity Streams''' describe the pathways through which packaging and products move after use, from collection to sorting and recycling (and potentially reuse or recovery). Each Circularity Stream represents a stage in the circular flow of materials and defines the interfaces between collection systems, sorting operations, and recycling processes within a given market. Circularity Streams are used in the IMDE Information Model to harmonize..."

= Circularity Streams =
'''Circularity Streams''' describe the pathways through which packaging and products move after use, from collection to sorting and recycling (and potentially reuse or recovery).

Each Circularity Stream represents a stage in the circular flow of materials and defines the interfaces between collection systems, sorting operations, and recycling processes within a given market.

Circularity Streams are used in the IMDE Information Model to harmonize how materials are captured, separated, and re-entered into the economy.
They provide a consistent taxonomy across countries, enabling alignment with Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR), recyclability assessments, and lifecycle reporting.

== Sub-Streams ==
=== Collection Stream ===
The '''Collection Stream''' represents what citizens, businesses, or organizations place in the same collection bin or bag for waste and recycling purposes within a specific market.

It reflects the front-end collection system used in that country or region (for example, PMD in the Netherlands, Leichtverpackungen in Germany, or Kerbside Plastic Packaging in the UK).

A Collection Stream is the starting point for the circularity process and determines which Sorting Streams the collected materials will later be separated into.

=== Sorting Stream ===
The '''Sorting Stream''' represents the output fraction produced by a sorting or separation facility from a given Collection Stream.

It defines the material-specific monostreams that are ready for recycling, such as ''Rigid PET'', ''Rigid PP'', ''Rigid HDPE'', or ''Flexible PE/PP (polyolefin film)''.

Sorting Streams are aligned with the target material families used in recyclability assessments (for example, Verpact NL, OPRL UK, CITEO FR).
In the IMDE model, each TAU (Throw-Away Unit) is assigned to a target Sorting Stream based on its composition, enabling recyclability scoring and EPR fee differentiation.

=== Recycling Stream ===
The '''Recycling Stream''' represents the material fraction that enters a recycling or reprocessing facility as a consistent feedstock.

It defines the output of the sorting process that is actually recycled into secondary raw material, such as ''rPET-bottle-grade'', ''rHDPE-natural'', ''rPP'', or ''PO-flex''.

Each Recycling Stream is linked to one or more Sorting Streams, as several sorting outputs can feed the same recycling process.
Recycling Streams are essential for tracking material circularity, LCA impact (recycled content and yield), and EPR performance reporting.

== Hierarchy Overview ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Level
! Definition
! Example (NL)
|-
| '''Collection Stream'''
| What bin systems collect.
| PMD Plastics
|-
| '''Sorting Stream'''
| What sorting plants separate.
| Rigid PET / Rigid PP / Flexible PE-PP
|-
| '''Recycling Stream'''
| What reprocessors recycle into new raw material.
| rPET-bottle / rHDPE-natural / PO-flex
|}

== See also ==
* [[taxonomy:Material Family]]
* [[taxonomy:Target Material Family]]
* [[taxonomy:Disposal Unit]]
* [[taxonomy:Market]]

[[category:taxonomy]]

Printing Process Technologies - TX

2025-10-26T10:58:56Z

HansdG:

= Printing Process Technologies for Packaged Goods =

== Overview ==
Printing on packaged goods supports branding, regulation, and shelf impact. The optimal process depends on substrate, run length, artwork complexity, cost, lead time, and sustainability targets. This page covers technologies used for labels, bottles, cans, flexible films, folding cartons, corrugated packaging, and wraps.

== Quick Comparison ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Technology !! Typical Quality !! Cost Efficiency !! Best Run Length !! Primary Substrates !! Typical Use
|-
| Flexographic (Flexo) || High || Medium || Medium to long || Films, paper, foil, laminates, corrugated || Labels, flexible packaging, shrink sleeves, cartons
|-
| Rotogravure (Gravure) || Very high || Low for short runs, high for very long runs || Very long || Films, foil, paper with smooth surface || Premium films, decorative laminates, high volume wrappers
|-
| Offset Lithography || Very high || Medium || Medium || Paper, paperboard, some coated boards || Folding cartons, paper labels, sleeves
|-
| Digital Printing (Toner or Inkjet on web or sheet) || High || High for short runs, lower for versioned work || Very short to short || Labels, cartons, some films and foils with primers || Personalization, short runs, prototypes
|-
| Screen Printing (Silkscreen) || Medium to high for spot effects || Low for large areas, good for specialty work || Short || Glass, plastics, metals, coated objects || Direct to bottle decoration, tactile varnish, opaque whites
|-
| Industrial Direct to Container Inkjet || High || High for short runs, variable data friendly || Very short to short || Bottles, cans, jars, tubes with compatible shapes || Late stage decoration, coding, customization
|-
| Hot Foil or Cold Foil Stamping || Premium finish || Add on cost || n/a || Labels, cartons, sleeves || Metallic accents, holographics, premium branding
|}

== How to Choose ==
* '''Substrate''': paper or board versus non porous films, foils, glass, plastics
* '''Artwork''': solids versus fine text and photos, need for special effects
* '''Volume''': prototypes to multi million labels
* '''Change frequency''': versioning, market specific SKUs, promotions
* '''Sustainability''': water based inks, recyclability, energy use
* '''Downstream converting''': laminating, varnishing, die cutting, forming, sterilization

== Flexographic Printing (Flexo) ==
'''Principle:''' Relief process using flexible photopolymer plates. Ink is metered by an anilox roller and transferred from raised image areas to the substrate.

=== Key Features ===
* Wide ink set: water based, solvent based, UV curable
* Efficient on roll to roll lines with inline finishing
* Compatible with porous and non porous substrates

=== Advantages ===
* Cost effective for medium to long runs
* Fast changeovers and good color consistency
* Strong for labels, films, and shrink materials

=== Limitations ===
* Photographic detail requires high quality plates and process control
* Dot gain and plate wear must be managed

=== Typical Applications ===
* Pressure sensitive and wraparound labels
* Flexible packaging films and laminates
* Paperboard cartons and corrugated preprint

== Rotogravure Printing (Gravure) ==
'''Principle:''' Intaglio process using engraved cells on metal cylinders. Cells carry ink that transfers directly to the substrate.

=== Key Features ===
* Stable tone reproduction and ink density
* Cylinders are durable and reusable for repeat jobs

=== Advantages ===
* Very high quality for images and gradients
* Best total cost at very large volumes

=== Limitations ===
* High cylinder engraving cost and longer prepress time
* Less flexible when designs change frequently

=== Typical Applications ===
* Premium flexible packaging and decorative laminates
* High volume wrappers and foils

== Offset Lithographic Printing ==
'''Principle:''' Planographic process. Image transfers from plate to rubber blanket to substrate, using the oil water repulsion principle.

=== Key Features ===
* Suited to sheet or web paper and paperboard
* Excellent fine text, lines, and photographic imagery

=== Advantages ===
* High quality with tight registration
* Efficient for medium runs of cartons and labels

=== Limitations ===
* Limited on stretchable films without special treatments
* Less suitable for variable data

=== Typical Applications ===
* Folding cartons and sleeves
* Paper labels and inserts

== Digital Printing (Toner and Industrial Inkjet on web or sheet) ==
'''Principle:''' Plate free, file to press imaging using electrophotography or inkjet.

=== Key Features ===
* Supports versioning, serialization, and rapid design changes
* Minimal makeready and waste on short runs

=== Advantages ===
* Ideal for personalization and market testing
* Fast lead times and low startup cost

=== Limitations ===
* Higher unit cost at long runs
* Substrate compatibility may require primers or certified stocks

=== Typical Applications ===
* Short run and personalized labels and sleeves
* Prototypes and promotional editions
* Late stage customization before packing

== Screen Printing (Silkscreen) ==
'''Principle:''' Ink is forced through a stencil on a mesh screen onto flat or curved items.

=== Key Features ===
* High ink laydown for opacity and tactile effects
* Works on irregular or 3D shapes

=== Advantages ===
* Durable graphics, strong whites, braille and tactile varnish
* Specialty effects: metallics, textured finishes, glow, spot gloss

=== Limitations ===
* Slower than flexo or digital for large areas
* Each color requires a separate screen

=== Typical Applications ===
* Direct decoration on bottles, jars, tubes, and caps
* Special effect label overprints

== Industrial Direct to Container Inkjet ==
'''Principle:''' Non contact inkjet heads print directly on 3D objects. Often UV curable for instant curing.

=== Key Features ===
* True late stage printing on formed containers
* Variable data ready: batch codes, QR, alphanumerics, graphics

=== Advantages ===
* No labels required and less inventory of preprinted SKUs
* Excellent for short runs and mass customization

=== Limitations ===
* Geometry limits and fixturing requirements
* Throughput lower than high speed label application at very large volumes

=== Typical Applications ===
* Direct to bottle and can decoration
* Short run seasonal or localized packaging

== Hot Foil and Cold Foil Stamping ==
'''Principle:''' Metallic or holographic foil is transferred to the substrate using a heated die for hot foil or UV curable adhesive and inline transfer for cold foil.

=== Advantages ===
* Premium brand accents, security features, high reflectivity
* Works inline with flexo or offset on many lines

=== Limitations ===
* Added material and process steps
* Large solid metallic areas may show tooling or lay issues if not controlled

=== Typical Applications ===
* Premium labels, folding cartons, and seals
* Logos, borders, and decorative elements

== Process Integration and Finishing ==
* Varnishing: aqueous, UV, or electron beam for protection and gloss or matte effects
* Laminating: barrier films for food contact or scuff resistance
* Die cutting and creasing: labels and cartons
* Embossing and debossing: tactile branding
* Coding and marking: lasers or small character inkjet for dates and batch IDs

== Regulatory and Food Contact Notes ==
* Use low migration inks, coatings, and adhesives where required
* Validate set off and odor for sensitive products
* Align with regional regulations and brand policies on recyclability, deinkability, and compostability

== Sustainability Considerations ==
* Prefer water based or energy efficient curing where feasible
* Optimize ink coverage and plate or cylinder reuse
* Design for recycling: avoid incompatible coatings and pigments on mono material packs
* Reduce waste with accurate color management and right first time proofing

== See Also ==
* Color management and proofing for packaging
* Substrate primers and surface*

[[Category:Taxonomy]]

Printing Process Technologies - TX

2025-10-26T10:56:49Z

HansdG: Created page with "<onlyinclude> = Printing Process Technologies for Packaged Goods = == Overview == Printing on packaged goods is essential for branding, regulatory information, and shelf impact. The optimal process depends on substrate, run length, artwork complexity, cost, lead time, and sustainability targets. This page covers technologies commonly used for labels, bottles, cans, flexible films, folding cartons, corrugated packaging, and wraps. == Quick Comparison == {| class="wikita..."

<onlyinclude>
= Printing Process Technologies for Packaged Goods =

== Overview ==
Printing on packaged goods is essential for branding, regulatory information, and shelf impact. The optimal process depends on substrate, run length, artwork complexity, cost, lead time, and sustainability targets. This page covers technologies commonly used for labels, bottles, cans, flexible films, folding cartons, corrugated packaging, and wraps.

== Quick Comparison ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"

| ! Technology !! Typical Quality !! Cost Efficiency !! Best Run Length !! Primary Substrates !! Typical Use | | | | | | | | | | |
| ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | - | ------------------------------- | - | --------------------------------------------- | - | ------------------- | - | ---------------------------------------------------- | - | ----------------------------------------------------------- |
| Flexographic (Flexo) | | High | | Medium | | Medium to long | | Films, paper, foil, laminates, corrugated | | Labels, flexible packaging, shrink sleeves, cartons |
| - | | | | | | | | | | |
| Rotogravure (Gravure) | | Very high | | Low for short runs, high for very long runs | | Very long | | Films, foil, paper with smooth surface | | Premium films, decorative laminates, high-volume wrappers |
| - | | | | | | | | | | |
| Offset Lithography | | Very high | | Medium | | Medium | | Paper, paperboard, some coated boards | | Folding cartons, paper labels, sleeves |
| - | | | | | | | | | | |
| Digital Printing (Toner or Inkjet on web or sheet) | | High | | High for short runs, lower for versioned work | | Very short to short | | Labels, cartons, some films and foils (with primers) | | Personalization, short runs, prototypes |
| - | | | | | | | | | | |
| Screen Printing (Silkscreen) | | Medium to high for spot effects | | Low for large areas, good for specialty work | | Short | | Glass, plastics, metals, coated objects | | Direct-to-bottle decoration, tactile varnish, opaque whites |
| - | | | | | | | | | | |
| Industrial Direct-to-Container Inkjet | | High | | High for short runs, variable data friendly | | Very short to short | | Bottles, cans, jars, tubes (compatible shapes) | | Late-stage decoration, coding, customization |
| - | | | | | | | | | | |
| Hot Foil or Cold Foil Stamping | | Premium finish | | Add-on cost | | Any | | Labels, cartons, sleeves | | Metallic accents, holographics, premium branding |
| } | | | | | | | | | | |

== How to Choose ==

* '''Substrate''' - paper or board vs non-porous films, foils, glass, plastics
* '''Artwork''' - solids vs fine text and photos, need for special effects
* '''Volume''' - from prototypes to multi-million labels
* '''Change frequency''' - versioning, market-specific SKUs, promotions
* '''Sustainability''' - water-based inks, recyclability, energy use
* '''Downstream converting''' - laminating, varnishing, die-cutting, forming, sterilization

---

== Flexographic Printing (Flexo) ==
'''Principle:''' Relief process using flexible photopolymer plates. Ink is metered by an anilox roller and transferred from raised image areas to the substrate.

; Key Features

* Wide ink set: water-based, solvent-based, UV-curable
* Runs efficiently on roll-to-roll lines with inline finishing
* Compatible with porous and non-porous substrates

; Advantages

* Cost effective for medium to long runs
* Fast changeovers, good color consistency
* Strong for labels, filmic wraps, and shrink materials

; Limitations

* Photographic detail requires HD plates and process control
* Dot gain and plate wear must be managed

; Typical Applications

* Pressure-sensitive and wraparound labels
* Flexible packaging films and laminates
* Paperboard cartons and corrugated preprint

---

== Rotogravure Printing (Gravure) ==
'''Principle:''' Intaglio process using engraved cells on metal cylinders. Cells carry ink that transfers directly to the substrate.

; Key Features

* Very stable tone reproduction and ink density
* Cylinders are durable and reusable across repeat jobs

; Advantages

* Exceptional quality for images and gradients
* Best total cost of ownership at very large volumes

; Limitations

* High cylinder engraving cost and longer prepress time
* Less flexible when designs change frequently

; Typical Applications

* Premium flexible packaging and decorative laminates
* High-volume wrappers and foils

---

== Offset Lithographic Printing ==
'''Principle:''' Planographic process. Image transfers from plate to rubber blanket to substrate, using the oil-water repulsion principle.

; Key Features

* Suited to sheet or web paper and paperboard
* Excellent fine text, lines, and photographic imagery

; Advantages

* High quality with tight registration
* Efficient for medium runs of cartons and labels

; Limitations

* Limited on stretchable films without special treatments
* Less suitable for variable data

; Typical Applications

* Folding cartons and sleeves
* Paper labels and inserts

---

== Digital Printing (Toner and Industrial Inkjet on web or sheet) ==
'''Principle:''' Plate-free, file-to-press imaging using electrophotography or inkjet.

; Key Features

* Supports versioning, serialization, and rapid design changes
* Minimal makeready and waste on short runs

; Advantages

* Ideal for personalization and market testing
* Fast lead times, low startup cost

; Limitations

* Higher unit cost at long runs
* Substrate compatibility may require primers or certified stocks

; Typical Applications

* Short-run and personalized labels and sleeves
* Prototypes and promotional editions
* Late-stage customization before packing

---

== Screen Printing (Silkscreen) ==
'''Principle:''' Ink forced through a stencil on a mesh screen onto flat or curved items.

; Key Features

* Very high ink laydown for opacity and tactile effects
* Works on irregular or 3D shapes

; Advantages

* Durable graphics, strong whites, braille and tactile varnish
* Specialty effects: metallics, textured, glow, spot gloss

; Limitations

* Slower than flexo or digital for large areas
* Each color requires a separate screen

; Typical Applications

* Direct decoration on bottles, jars, tubes, and caps
* Special-effect label overprints

---

== Industrial Direct-to-Container Inkjet ==
'''Principle:''' Non-contact inkjet heads print directly on 3D objects. Often UV-curable for instant curing.

; Key Features

* True late-stage printing on formed containers
* Variable data ready: batch codes, QR, alphanumerics, graphics

; Advantages

* No labels required, reduces inventory of preprinted SKUs
* Excellent for short runs and mass customization

; Limitations

* Geometry limits and fixturing requirements
* Throughput lower than high-speed label application on very large volumes

; Typical Applications

* Direct-to-bottle and can decoration
* Short-run seasonal or localized packaging

---

== Hot Foil and Cold Foil Stamping ==
'''Principle:''' Metallic or holographic foil is transferred to the substrate using a heated die (hot foil) or UV-curable adhesive and inline transfer (cold foil).

; Advantages

* Premium brand accents, security features, high reflectivity
* Works inline with flexo or offset in many lines

; Limitations

* Added material and process steps
* Large solid metallic areas may show tooling or lay issues if not controlled

; Typical Applications

* Premium labels, folding cartons, and seals
* Logos, borders, and decorative elements

---

== Process Integration and Finishing ==
Common inline or nearline steps:

* Varnishing: aqueous, UV, or electron beam for protection and gloss or matte effects
* Laminating: barrier films for food contact or scuff resistance
* Die-cutting and creasing: labels and cartons
* Embossing and debossing: tactile branding
* Coding and marking: lasers or small-character inkjet for dates and batch IDs

== Regulatory and Food-Contact Notes ==

* Use low-migration inks, coatings, and adhesives when required
* Validate set-off and odor for sensitive products
* Align with regional regulations and brand policies on recyclability, deinkability, and compostability

== Sustainability Considerations ==

* Prefer water-based or energy-efficient curing where feasible
* Optimize ink coverage and plate or cylinder reuse
* Design for recycling: avoid incompatible coatings and pigments on mono-material packs
* Reduce waste with accurate color management and right-first-time proofing

== See Also ==

* Color management and proofing for packaging
* Substrate primers and surface treatments
* Packaging compliance for food and cosmetics

<<Category:Taxonomoy>>

</onlyinclude>

Packaging System - TX

2025-10-20T20:31:43Z

HansdG:

Definition: The Packaging System is the complete, hierarchical collection of all [[Packaging_Roles_-_TX|Packaging Units]] used together to contain, protect, handle, deliver, and present a product, from the factory to the end-user.

Most common example: Full Pallet Configuration (One Transport Stock Unit with is Transport Packaging), consisting of multiple outercartons (TSUs with it Transport Packaging), with per outercarton multiple Individual Sales Units (with is Sales Packaging).

[[Category:Taxonomy]]

Packaging System - TX

2025-10-20T19:15:21Z

HansdG: Created page with "Definition: The Packaging System is the complete, hierarchical collection of all Packaging Units used together to contain, protect, handle, deliver, and present a product, from the factory to the end-user. [Category:Taxonomy]]"

Packaging Class - TX

2025-10-17T13:39:20Z

HansdG:

Packaging Class - TX

2025-10-17T13:38:59Z

HansdG:

Packaging Class - TX

2025-10-17T13:38:42Z

HansdG: /* Assembly (BOM) Guidance */

= Packaging Class =
; DataTopic: Packaging Specification
; Purpose: Define the functional role of each component within a packaging assembly (BOM view) to enable consistent data exchange for PPWR/ EPR, DPP, and commercial listing.

== Overview ==
In IMDE, a ''Packaging Assembly'' is modeled as a set of components that together form the packaging part of a '''Sales Unit = Product + Packaging'''.
Each component is assigned a '''Packaging Class''' based on its functional role in the assembly. This taxonomy supports upstream–downstream data exchange (technical data → Declaration of Conformity) and EPR reporting (weights, materials, recyclability).

== Classes ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Class !! Definition / Function !! Examples / Notes
|-
| '''Container''' || Main vessel that holds, stores, or transports the product. || Bottle, jar, can, tube, tray, pouch. May carry a '''Form Type''' attribute (Rigid, Semi-Rigid, Flexible).
|-
| '''Enclosure''' || Primary wrap or shell that fully covers or contains the product or multiple units. || Flow wrap, overwrap, shrink wrap, blister shell. Often Flexible or Semi-Rigid.
|-
| '''Closure''' || Seals, opens, or reseals a container’s opening. || Cap, lid, cork, stopper, foil seal. May integrate tamper evidence or dispensing.
|-
| '''Dispenser''' || Enables controlled release or dosing of product. || Pump, valve, spray nozzle, tap, trigger. Sometimes combined with Closure.
|-
| '''Applicator''' || Applies the product directly to a user or target surface. || Brush, roller, pad, sponge, nozzle tip.
|-
| '''Label''' || Distinct component attached to another surface to carry information, branding, or decoration. || '''Attachment Type''' (attribute): Glue-applied, Pressure-sensitive (self-adhesive), Shrink sleeve, In-mould label).
|-
| '''Informational Component''' || Separate informational item not affixed to a surface. || Leaflet, insert, instruction manual, warranty card; placed inside secondary/tertiary packaging.
|-
| '''Securing''' || Bundles, fastens, or unitizes items or components. || Strap, clip, band, ring, adhesive dot, stretch wrap.
|-
| '''Structural''' || Provides rigidity, spacing, or separation. || Divider, tray insert, partition, frame, corrugated separator.
|-
| '''Protective''' || Cushions, braces, or prevents impact/surface damage. || Pad, bubble wrap, corner protector, foam insert.
|-
| '''Ancillary''' || Supplementary convenience or utility function. || Handle, hanger, scoop, measuring cup, spout cover.
|}

== Attributes ==
* '''Form Type''' (Container, Enclosure; sometimes Closure)
** Values: '''Rigid''', '''Semi-Rigid''', '''Flexible'''
** Rationale: Recyclability, collection, and sorting performance, and EPR fee modulation frequently depend on rigidity for polymer packaging.
* '''Attachment Type''' (Label)
** Values: '''Glue-applied''', '''Pressure-sensitive''', '''Shrink sleeve''', '''In-mould label'''
* '''Material Class''' (link to material taxonomy)
** Values: Metal, Polymer, Paper and Board, Textile, Ceramic/Glass, Wood, Additives (as applicable)
* '''Role in Assembly'''
** Primary (e.g., Container, Closure), Secondary (e.g., Label, Informational), Tertiary (e.g., Structural, Securing)

== Data Exchange Notes ==
* Upstream technical data per component (material, weight, recycled content, substances) is aggregated at the Sales Unit level to generate the '''Declaration of Conformity''' and to supply EPR reporting datasets.
* Clear class assignment ensures consistent mapping to PPWR requirements and PRO fee categories.

[[Category:Taxonomy]]

Packaging Class - TX

2025-10-17T13:37:59Z

HansdG:

= Packaging Class =
; DataTopic: Packaging Specification
; Purpose: Define the functional role of each component within a packaging assembly (BOM view) to enable consistent data exchange for PPWR/ EPR, DPP, and commercial listing.

== Overview ==
In IMDE, a ''Packaging Assembly'' is modeled as a set of components that together form the packaging part of a '''Sales Unit = Product + Packaging'''.
Each component is assigned a '''Packaging Class''' based on its functional role in the assembly. This taxonomy supports upstream–downstream data exchange (technical data → Declaration of Conformity) and EPR reporting (weights, materials, recyclability).

== Classes ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Class !! Definition / Function !! Examples / Notes
|-
| '''Container''' || Main vessel that holds, stores, or transports the product. || Bottle, jar, can, tube, tray, pouch. May carry a '''Form Type''' attribute (Rigid, Semi-Rigid, Flexible).
|-
| '''Enclosure''' || Primary wrap or shell that fully covers or contains the product or multiple units. || Flow wrap, overwrap, shrink wrap, blister shell. Often Flexible or Semi-Rigid.
|-
| '''Closure''' || Seals, opens, or reseals a container’s opening. || Cap, lid, cork, stopper, foil seal. May integrate tamper evidence or dispensing.
|-
| '''Dispenser''' || Enables controlled release or dosing of product. || Pump, valve, spray nozzle, tap, trigger. Sometimes combined with Closure.
|-
| '''Applicator''' || Applies the product directly to a user or target surface. || Brush, roller, pad, sponge, nozzle tip.
|-
| '''Label''' || Distinct component attached to another surface to carry information, branding, or decoration. || '''Attachment Type''' (attribute): Glue-applied, Pressure-sensitive (self-adhesive), Shrink sleeve, In-mould label).
|-
| '''Informational Component''' || Separate informational item not affixed to a surface. || Leaflet, insert, instruction manual, warranty card; placed inside secondary/tertiary packaging.
|-
| '''Securing''' || Bundles, fastens, or unitizes items or components. || Strap, clip, band, ring, adhesive dot, stretch wrap.
|-
| '''Structural''' || Provides rigidity, spacing, or separation. || Divider, tray insert, partition, frame, corrugated separator.
|-
| '''Protective''' || Cushions, braces, or prevents impact/surface damage. || Pad, bubble wrap, corner protector, foam insert.
|-
| '''Ancillary''' || Supplementary convenience or utility function. || Handle, hanger, scoop, measuring cup, spout cover.
|}

== Attributes ==
* '''Form Type''' (Container, Enclosure; sometimes Closure)
** Values: '''Rigid''', '''Semi-Rigid''', '''Flexible'''
** Rationale: Recyclability, collection, and sorting performance, and EPR fee modulation frequently depend on rigidity for polymer packaging.
* '''Attachment Type''' (Label)
** Values: '''Glue-applied''', '''Pressure-sensitive''', '''Shrink sleeve''', '''In-mould label'''
* '''Material Class''' (link to material taxonomy)
** Values: Metal, Polymer, Paper and Board, Textile, Ceramic/Glass, Wood, Additives (as applicable)
* '''Role in Assembly'''
** Primary (e.g., Container, Closure), Secondary (e.g., Label, Informational), Tertiary (e.g., Structural, Securing)

== Assembly (BOM) Guidance ==
<pre>
Sales Unit
├─ Container (e.g., Rigid PET bottle)
│ ├─ Closure (PP cap)
│ └─ Label (Shrink sleeve, Attachment Type = Shrink sleeve)
├─ Informational Component (Leaflet)
└─ Structural (Corrugated divider)
</pre>

* '''Labels vs Informational Components:''' Labels are attached components with an Attachment Type; leaflets/inserts are separate items and remain Informational Components.
* '''Direct Print:''' If decoration is applied via direct print, model as a process attribute of the printed component rather than a separate Label component.
* '''Form Type Usage:''' Required for polymer Containers/Enclosures due to sorting/recyclability impacts; optional/implicit for glass/metal (typically rigid) and paper (often flexible/semi-rigid).

== Data Exchange Notes ==
* Upstream technical data per component (material, weight, recycled content, substances) is aggregated at the Sales Unit level to generate the '''Declaration of Conformity''' and to supply EPR reporting datasets.
* Clear class assignment ensures consistent mapping to PPWR requirements and PRO fee categories.

[[Category:Taxonomy]]

Packaging Class - TX

2025-10-17T13:36:56Z

HansdG: Created page with "= Packaging Class = ; DataTopic: Packaging Specification ; Purpose: Define the functional role of each component within a packaging assembly (BOM view) to enable consistent data exchange for PPWR/ EPR, DPP, and commercial listing. == Overview == In IMDE, a ''Packaging Assembly'' is modeled as a set of components that together form the packaging part of a '''Sales Unit = Product + Packaging'''. Each component is assigned a '''Packaging Class''' based on its functional..."

= Packaging Class =
; DataTopic: Packaging Specification
; Purpose: Define the functional role of each component within a packaging assembly (BOM view) to enable consistent data exchange for PPWR/ EPR, DPP, and commercial listing.

== Overview ==
In IMDE, a ''Packaging Assembly'' is modeled as a set of components that together form the packaging part of a '''Sales Unit = Product + Packaging'''.
Each component is assigned a '''Packaging Class''' based on its functional role in the assembly. This taxonomy supports upstream–downstream data exchange (technical data → Declaration of Conformity) and EPR reporting (weights, materials, recyclability).

== Classes ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Class !! Definition / Function !! Examples / Notes
|-
| '''Container''' || Main vessel that holds, stores, or transports the product. || Bottle, jar, can, tube, tray, pouch. May carry a '''Form Type''' attribute (Rigid, Semi-Rigid, Flexible).
|-
| '''Enclosure''' || Primary wrap or shell that fully covers or contains the product or multiple units. || Flow wrap, overwrap, shrink wrap, blister shell. Often Flexible or Semi-Rigid.
|-
| '''Closure''' || Seals, opens, or reseals a container’s opening. || Cap, lid, cork, stopper, foil seal. May integrate tamper evidence or dispensing.
|-
| '''Dispenser''' || Enables controlled release or dosing of product. || Pump, valve, spray nozzle, tap, trigger. Sometimes combined with Closure.
|-
| '''Applicator''' || Applies the product directly to a user or target surface. || Brush, roller, pad, sponge, nozzle tip.
|-
| '''Label''' || Distinct component attached to another surface to carry information, branding, or decoration. || '''Attachment Type''' (attribute): Glue-applied, Pressure-sensitive (self-adhesive), Shrink sleeve, In-mould label, Direct print* (*modeled as a process, not a discrete component, where applicable).
|-
| '''Informational Component''' || Separate informational item not affixed to a surface. || Leaflet, insert, instruction manual, warranty card; placed inside secondary/tertiary packaging.
|-
| '''Securing''' || Bundles, fastens, or unitizes items or components. || Strap, clip, band, ring, adhesive dot, stretch wrap.
|-
| '''Structural''' || Provides rigidity, spacing, or separation. || Divider, tray insert, partition, frame, corrugated separator.
|-
| '''Protective''' || Cushions, braces, or prevents impact/surface damage. || Pad, bubble wrap, corner protector, foam insert.
|-
| '''Ancillary''' || Supplementary convenience or utility function. || Handle, hanger, scoop, measuring cup, spout cover.
|}

== Attributes ==
* '''Form Type''' (Container, Enclosure; sometimes Closure)
** Values: '''Rigid''', '''Semi-Rigid''', '''Flexible'''
** Rationale: Recyclability, collection, and sorting performance, and EPR fee modulation frequently depend on rigidity for polymer packaging.
* '''Attachment Type''' (Label)
** Values: '''Glue-applied''', '''Pressure-sensitive''', '''Shrink sleeve''', '''In-mould label''', '''Direct print''' (process)
* '''Material Class''' (link to material taxonomy)
** Values: Metal, Polymer, Paper and Board, Textile, Ceramic/Glass, Wood, Additives (as applicable)
* '''Role in Assembly'''
** Primary (e.g., Container, Closure), Secondary (e.g., Label, Informational), Tertiary (e.g., Structural, Securing)

== Assembly (BOM) Guidance ==
<pre>
Sales Unit
├─ Container (e.g., Rigid PET bottle)
│ ├─ Closure (PP cap)
│ └─ Label (Shrink sleeve, Attachment Type = Shrink sleeve)
├─ Informational Component (Leaflet)
└─ Structural (Corrugated divider)
</pre>

* '''Labels vs Informational Components:''' Labels are attached components with an Attachment Type; leaflets/inserts are separate items and remain Informational Components.
* '''Direct Print:''' If decoration is applied via direct print, model as a process attribute of the printed component rather than a separate Label component.
* '''Form Type Usage:''' Required for polymer Containers/Enclosures due to sorting/recyclability impacts; optional/implicit for glass/metal (typically rigid) and paper (often flexible/semi-rigid).

== Data Exchange Notes ==
* Upstream technical data per component (material, weight, recycled content, substances) is aggregated at the Sales Unit level to generate the '''Declaration of Conformity''' and to supply EPR reporting datasets.
* Clear class assignment ensures consistent mapping to PPWR requirements and PRO fee categories.

[[Category:Taxonomy]]